Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL)
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. was founded in 1984 and is chartered as a not-for-profit organization without capital stock, under the laws of the State of Delaware, to establish maintain and operate laboratories for the examination and testing of devices, systems and materials to determine their relation to hazards to life and property.
UL Standards for Safety are developed under a procedure which provides for participation and comment from the affected public as well as the industry. The procedure takes into consideration a survey of known existing standards, and the needs and opinions of a wide variety of interests concerned with the subject matter of the Standard. Thus manufacturers, consumers, individuals associated with consumer-oriented organizations, academicians, government officials, industrial and commercial users, inspection authorities, insurance interests and others provide input to UL in the formulating of UL Standards for Safety, and keeping them consonant with social and technological advances.
Although UL approval has not been required for tanning beds in the past, many local ordinances and municipalities now require it.
The following is a list of UL rules and regulations that must be met in order to obtain UL approval for sun/heat lamps.
UL 482 Standard For Portable Sun/Heat Lamps
SIXTH EDITION
JULY 6, 1987
FOREWORD
A. This Standard contains basic requirements for products covered by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) under its Follow- Up Service for this category within the limitations given below and in the Scope section of this Standard. These requirements are based upon sound engineering principles, research, records of tests and field experience and an appreciation of the problems of manufacture, installation and use derived from consultation with and information obtained from manufacturers, users, inspection authorities and others having specialized experience. They are subject to revision as further experience and investigation may show is necessary or desirable.
B. The observance of the requirements of this Standard by a manufacturer is one of the conditions of the continued coverage of the manufacturer’s product.
C. A product which complies with the text of this Standard will not necessarily be judged to comply with the Standard if, when examined and tested, it is found to have other features which impair the level of safety contemplated by these requirements.
D. A product employing materials or having forms of construction differing from those detailed in the requirements of this Standard may be examined and tested according to the intent of the requirements and, if found to be substantially equivalent, may be judged to comply with the Standard.
E. UL, in performing its functions in accordance with its objectives, does not assume or undertake to discharge any responsibility of the manufacturer or any other party. The opinions and findings of UL represent its professional judgment given with due consideration to the necessary limitations of practical operation and state of the art at the time the Standard is processed. UL shall not be responsible to anyone for the use of or reliance upon this Standard by anyone. UL shall not incur any obligation or liability for damages, including consequential damages, arising out of or in connection with the use, interpretation of, or reliance upon this Standard.
F. Many tests required by the Standards of UL are inherently hazardous and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting such tests.
GENERAL
1. Scope
1.1 This standard covers sunlamps, heat lamps and combination sun and heat lamps rated at not more than 125 V. A sunlamp is intended for production of ultraviolet radiation for skin tanning. A heat lamp is intended for production of infrared radiation. A combination sun and heat lamp is intended for production of both ultraviolet and infrared radiation. In the text of this standard, the term sun/heat lamp is intended to cover all types.
1.2 This standard covers portable sun/heat lamps intended for use by non-technically qualified persons in homes, sports facilities, health spas and similar establishments and intended for connection to the power-supply circuit by a flexible cord for use in accordance with the National Electrical Code.
1.3 This standard does not cover lamps intended primarily to provide illumination (although some visible radiation may be produced during the operation of a sun/heat lamp).
1.4 This standard does not cover sun or heat lamps intended for professional use. Professional use lamps are those for use by technically qualified persons in hospitals, nursing homes, medical care centers, clinics, medical offices, laboratories and similar establishments for therapeutic purposes. These therapeutic lamps are covered by the requirements for medical and dental equipment.
1.5 Ultraviolet lamps intended for high intensity, short duration—2 minute maximum first exposure time for most sensitive skin—operation will be subject to an appropriate investigation for any additional requirements as are applicable to a lamp with this feature.
1.6 This standard does not cover bulbs alone but complete appliances.
2. Components
2.1 Except as indicated in paragraph 2.2, a component of a product covered by this standard shall comply with the requirements for that component. See Appendix A for a list of standards covering components generally used in the products covered by this standard.
2.2 A component need not comply with a specific requirement that:
A. Involves a feature or characteristic not needed in the application of the component in the product covered by this standard, or B. Is superseded by a requirement in this standard.
2.3 A component shall be used in accordance with its recognized rating established for the intended conditions of use.
2.4 Specific components are recognized as being incomplete in construction features or restricted in performance capabilities. Such components are intended for use only under limited conditions, such as certain temperatures not exceeding specified limits and shall be restricted to use only under those specific conditions for which they have been recognized.
3. Units Of Measurement
3.1 If a value for measurement is followed by a value in other units in parentheses, the second value may be only approximate. The first stated value is the requirement.
3.2 Unless indicated otherwise all voltage and current values mentioned in this standard are rootmean-square (rms).
CONSTRUCTION
4. General
4.1 Portable sunlamps are subject to the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968, and the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act as amended by the Medical Device Amendments of 1976.
5. Frame And Enclosure
5.1 A sun/heat lamp shall be so formed and assembled that it will have the strength and rigidity necessary to resist the abuses to which it is likely to be subjected without increasing its risk of fire, electric shock, or personal injury due to total or partial collapse with resulting reduction of spacings, loosening or displacement of parts, or other serious defects.
5.2 A sun/heat lamp shall have an enclosure of metal or of non-combustible, non-absorptive insulating material such as glass, marble, phenolic composition or of a material determined to be acceptable for the application.
5.3 Among the factors taken into consideration when determining the acceptability of a nonmetallic enclosure are (1) the mechanical strength, (2) resistance to impact, (3) moisture-absorptive properties, (4) combustibility and resistance to ignition from electrical sources, (5) dielectric strength, insulation resistance and resistance to arc tracking and (6) resistance to distortion and creeping at temperatures to which the material may be subjected under conditions of intended or abnormal usage. The material is not to display a loss of these properties beyond the minimum acceptable level as a result of aging. See the requirements in the Standard for Polymeric Materials—Use in Electrical Equipment Evaluations, UL 746C.
5.4 The continuity of the grounding system shall not rely on the dimensional integrity of the nonmetallic material.
5.5 Electrical parts of a sun/heat lamp shall be so located or enclosed that protection against unintentional contact with uninsulated live parts, other than the contacts of a lampholder, is provided.
5.6 An opening in an enclosure that contains live or currentcarrying parts shall prevent entrance of a 1-inch (25.4 mm) diameter rod and is acceptable if a probe as illustrated in Figure 5.1, inserted through the opening, cannot touch any uninsulated live part or coated-magnet wire that may cause an electric shock. The probe shall be applied in all possible articulated positions before, during and after insertion.
5.7 During the examination of an appliance in connection with the requirements in paragraph 5.5, a part of the outer enclosure that may be removed, without the use of tools, by the user of the appliance (to permit the attachment of accessories, to allow access to means for making operating adjustments, or for another reason) is to be disregarded—that is, it will not be assumed that the part in question affords protection against electric shock.
5.8 The stability of a sun/heat lamp having a stand shall be such that it will not easily overturn under conditions of expected use.
5.9 A sun/heat lamp shall be so constructed that it will not tip over when resting on an inclined plane having an angle of 8 degrees with the horizontal.
5.10 Except for parts needed to perform a working function, an edge, projection or corner of an enclosure, opening, frame, guard, handle or the like shall be smooth and well rounded and not sufficiently sharp to constitute a risk of personal injury in intended use or during user maintenance.
5.11 A guard that is not permanently secured in place is to be investigated to determine its acceptability for the application.
6. Mechanical Assembly
6.1 A sun/heat lamp shall have all parts secured in a substantial and reliable manner.
6.2 A switch that is housed in the enclosure of a lamp,and a l amp- or element-holder, shall be mounted securely and prevented from turning by means other than friction between surfaces.
6.3 A lock washer properly applied is acceptable as a means to prevent turning of a stem-mounted switch.
7. Corrosion Protection
7.1 Iron and steel parts shall be protected against corrosion by galvanizing, plating, painting, enameling, or other equivalent means if the deterioration of such parts would be likely to result in an increased risk of fire, electric shock or personal injury.
7.2 If the oxidation of iron or steel due to the exposure of the metal to air and moisture is not likely to be appreciable— thickness of metal and temperature also being factors— the surfaces of sheet steel and cast iron parts in an enclosure may not be required to be protected against corrosion. The requirement of paragraph 7.1 does not apply to bearings, laminations and the like.
8. Electrical Potentials
8.1 Under any condition of operation—including opencircuit secondary, if the lamp employs an autotransformer—no part of a sun/heat lamp shall have a potential of more than 150 V to ground or to either conductor of the power-supply cord, when it is connected to a supply circuit of maximum rated voltage. If such a lamp has a 2-winding transformer, the maximum difference of potential in the secondary under any condition of operation (including open-circuit secondary) shall be 300 V or less.
9. Cords And Plugs
9.1 If a sun/heat lamp is provided with a directly attached flexible cord, an attachment plug shall be provided on the cord for connection to the supply circuit. If a directly attached flexible cord is not provided, the lamp shall have terminals using male pins, blades or the equivalent that will accommodate an acceptable plug. See paragraphs 9.4,9.5 and 18.2.
9.2 A sun/heat lamp employing a screw shelltype lampholder shall have an attachment plug of either the grounding or polarized type. The grounded conductor of the cord is to be connected to the screwshell of the lampholder and to the grounded blade of the attachment plug. See paragraph 32.7.
9.3 The ampacity of the flexible cord shall be not less than the rated current of the sun/heat lamp.
9.4 Flexible cord provided as part of a sun/heat lamp shall be Type SP-1 or SPT-1, or shall be Type HPD or HPN if the lamp produces a temperature of more than 121 degrees C (250 degrees F) on a surface with which the cord is likely to make contact; or the cord shall be of a type having such properties that it will be at least equally serviceable for the particular application.
9.5 Strain relief shall be provided in the lamp and in fittings of the power-supply cord so that a stress on the cord will not be transmitted to the terminals or wiring inside the lamp or to the terminals of fittings. See Section 26.
9.6 If a knot in a flexible cord serves as strain relief, the surface against which the knot may bear or with which it may come in contact shall be free from projections, sharp edges, burrs, fins, and the like that might damage the insulation of the conductors.
9.7 Means shall be provided to prevent the cord from being pushed into the appliance through the cord entry hole if such displacement is likely to subject the cord to mechanical damage, expose the cord to a temperature higher than that for which the cord is rated, or reduce spacings below acceptable values.
10. Bushings
10.1 At a point where a flexible cord passes through an opening in a wall, barrier, or enclosing case, there shall be a bushing or the equivalent, that shall be secured in place, and shall have a smoothly rounded surface against which the cord may bear. If Type SP-1, SPT- 1, SP-2, SPT-2, HPN, HPD or other cord lighter than HSJ is used, if the wall or barrier is of metal and if the construction is such that the cord may be subjected to strain or motion, an insulating bushing shall be provided. The heat-and moisture-resistant properties ofthe bushing material shall be acceptable for the particular application.
10.2 If the cord hole is in porcelain, phenolic composition, or other acceptable non-conducting material, a smoothly rounded surface is considered to be the equivalent of a bushing.
10.3 Ceramic materials and some molded compositions are acceptable generally for insulating bushings; but separate bushings of wood, so-called hot-molded shellac and tar compositions, or rubber materials are not acceptable.
10.4 Fiber may be used if the bushing is not less than 3/64 inch (1.2 mm) thick and if it is so formed and secured in place that it will not be adversely affected by conditions of ordinary moisture.
10.5 An insulated metal grommet may be accepted in place of an insulating bushing, provided that the insulating material used is not less than 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) thick and fills completely the space between the grommet and the metal in which it is mounted.
11. Internal Wiring
11.1 Insulated conductors used for the internal wiring of a sun/heat lamp shall be acceptable for the temperature and voltage to which they will be subjected in service.
11.2 An enclosure that houses wires shall be smooth and entirely free from sharp edges, burrs, fins and the like, that may cause abrasion of the insulation on conductors.
11.3 Insulated wires may be bunched and passed through a single opening in a metal wall within the enclosure of the sun/heat lamp.
11.4 The screw-shell of a lampholder and the terminal intended to be connected to the grounded circuit conductor, if any, of the attachment plug shall be connected to that conductor of the cord which is identified as the grounded circuit conductor. No single-pole switch shall be connected in that conductor.
11.5 A splice shall be made mechanically secure and shall provide reliable electrical contact.
11.6 A splice shall be provided with insulation equivalent to that of the wires involved unless permanence of spacing between the splice and other metal parts is provided.
12. Insulating Materials
12.1 Insulating washers, bushings and the like that are integral parts of a sun/heat lamp, and bases or supports for the mounting of live parts shall be of a moisture-resistant material that will not be adversely affected by the temperatures to which they will be subjected under conditions of intended use.
12.2 Insulating material used in a sun/heat lamp is to be considered with respect to its acceptability for the particular application. Materials such as mica, some molded compounds, and certain refractory materials usually are acceptable for use as the sole support of live parts. Some other materials that are not acceptable for general use, such as magnesium oxide, may be accepted if used in conjunction with other more appropriate insulating materials or if so located and protected against mechanical damage and the absorption of moisture. If an investigation is necessary to determine the acceptability of a material, consideration will be given to its mechanical strength, dielectric strength, insulation resistance, heat resistant qualities, the degree to which it is enclosed or protected and any other features that have a bearing on the risk of fire, electric shock and personal injury involved in conjunction with the conditions of intended service.
12.3 In the mounting or supporting of small, fragile, insulating parts, screws or other fastenings should not be so tight as to result in cracking or breaking these parts due to expansion and contraction.
12.4 Combustible or electrically conductive heat-insulating material shall not make contact with uninsulated live parts of the lamp.
13. Lampholders
13.1 A female screw-shell used as a holder for a bulb or heating element shall be of copper or copper alloy and shall be plated with nickel or equivalent oxidation-resistant metal if it operates at a temperature of more than 200 degrees C (392 degrees F); or the screwshell shall be of other acceptable material.
13.2 A lampholder for a sunlamp shall be of a type other than the conventional right hand thread of the Edison medium base size.
14. Switches
14.1 A switch provided as a part of a sun/heat lamp shall be of a type intended for the particular application, and shall have a current and voltage rating not less than that of the load which it controls. A switch that controls a tungsten filament lamp shall be acceptable for such use.
14.2 A switch provided as part of a sun/heat lamp that uses a transformer shall have a voltage rating not less than that of the primary of the transformer. Unless accepted as being appropriate for that purpose, the switch shall have a current rating not less than twice the current input to the transformer, when loaded to the maximum intended value.
15. Timers
15.1 A sunlamp shall be provided with a timer as part of the lamp to function so as to automatically de-energize the lamp at the termination of the time setting on the timer. The timer may be either built-in (integral with the construction of the appliance) or in series with the supply cord.
15.2 If the timer is in series with the supply cord, and is separable from the lamp, the interconnection shall be of a nonstandard configuration to preclude bypassing of the timer.
15.3 A sunlamp timer shall have a maximum time setting equal to the maximum recommended exposure time indicated in the instructions accompanying the sunlamp. In addition, the timer shall have a sufficient number of time settings that correspond with the time intervals for different exposure positions and expected results as indicated by the marking on the sunlamp. See paragraph 32.12.
15.4 A sunlamp timer shall not have a permanent “on” position. No timer interval shall have an error greater than 10 percent of the maximum timer interval of the product.
15.5 The timer may be equipped with an audible or visual signal to warn of pending shutdown.
15.6 A sunlamp timer shall provide the user with a means to manually terminate radiation emission, unless a separate control is provided for this purpose. Disconnecting the supply cord or removal of the lamp from its holder is not acceptable.
16. Protective Eyewear
16.1 Each sunlamp shall be provided with at least one set of protective eyewear per person recommended in the instructions to be exposed simultaneously to the sunlamp.
16.2 The protective eyewear shall be close fitting and shall protect the eye area from both the front and the sides.
16.3 The spectral transmittance of protective eyewear shall not exceed a value of 0.001 over the wavelength range greater than 200 nanometers through 320 nanometers and a value of 0.01 over the wavelength range greater than 320 nm through 400 nm, and shall be sufficient over the wavelengths greater than 400 nm to enable the user to see clearly enough to read the markings and reset the timer.
17. Spacings
17.1 Except as noted in paragraph 17.2, the spacing between uninsulated live parts of opposite polarity, and between an uninsulated live part and a dead-metal part, shall not be less than the value indicated in Table 17.1. If an uninsulated live part is not rigidly supported, or if a movable dead-metal part is in proximity to an uninsulated live part, the construction shall be such that the required spacing will be maintained under all operating conditions.
|
TABLE 17.1 |
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|
Minimum Spacings in inches (mm) |
||
| in Volts | Through Air | Over Surface |
| 0—250 | 1/16 (1.6) | 1/16 (1.6) |
| 251—300 | 1/4 (6.4) | 1/4 (6.4) |
17.2 At closed-in points only, such as the screw-and-washer construction of an insulated terminal mounted in metal, a spacing of 3/64 inch (1.2 mm) is acceptable. Within a thermostat, except at contacts, the spacing between uninsulated live parts on opposite sides of the contacts is to be not less than 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) through air and 3/64 inch (1.2 mm) over the surface of insulating material. The construction is to be such that the spacings will be maintained permanently. The requirement of paragraph 17.1 does not apply to the inherent spacings of a component part of the lamp, such as a snap switch; such spacings are determined on the basis of the requirements for the component in question. See paragraph 2.1.
17.3 The spacings and sizes of pin terminals provided on a sun/heat lamp using a detachable heater-cord set shall comply with the requirements given in the Standard for Attachment Plugs and Receptacles, UL 498.
18. Grounding
18.1 If a grounding conductor is provided in the supply cord, all exposed dead-metal parts shall be connected to the grounding conductor.
18.2 A grounding conductor covering of the flexible cord shall be green with or without one or more yellow stripes. The grounding conductor shall be secured to the frame or enclosure of the appliance, which is intended to be grounded, by means of a screw that is not likely to be removed during any servicing operation not involving the power-supply cord, or by other equivalent means. Solder alone shall not be used for securing the grounding conductor. The grounding conductor shall be connected to the grounding blade of the attachment plug.
PERFORMANCE
19. General
19.1 If a sun/heat lamp is intended (mechanically and electrically) for use with lamps of two or more different types, the input test shall be conducted by using the lamp that results in maximum input, and the temperature test shall be conducted with the lamp that results in maximum temperature rises.
Exception: If a sun/heat lamp is marked to indicate that it is intended for use with a lamp of a particular type, the tests are to be conducted by using such lamp.
20. Leakage Current Test
20.1 The leakage current of a sun/heat lamp rated for a nominal 120 V supply when tested in accordance with paragraphs 20.3—20.6 shall not be more than 0.5 mA.
20.2 Leakage current refers to all currents, including capacitively coupled currents, that may be conveyed between exposed conductive surfaces of a sun/heat lamp and ground or other exposed conductive surfaces of the sun/heat lamp.
20.3 All exposed conductive surfaces are to be tested for leakage currents. The leakage currents from these surfaces are to be measured to the grounded supply conductor individually as well as collectively where simultaneously accessible and from one surface to another where simultaneously accessible. Parts are considered to be exposed surfaces unless guarded by an enclosure considered acceptable for protection against electric shock as defined in paragraphs 5.5—5.7. Surfaces are considered to be simultaneously accessible when they can be readily contacted by one or both hands of a person at the same time. These measurements do not apply to terminals operating at voltages that do not present a risk of electric shock, such as those supplied from an isolating transformer device operating at a potential not exceeding 30 V rms or 42.4 V peak.
20.4 If a conductive surface other than metal is used for the enclosure or part of the enclosure, the leakage current is to be measured using a metal foil with an area of 10 by 20 centimeters in contact with the surface. Where the surface is less than 10 by 20 centimeters, the metal foil is to be the same size as the surface. The metal foil is not to remain in place long enough to affect the temperature of the sun/heat lamp.
20.5 The measurement circuit for leakage current is to be as shown in Figure 20.1. The ideal measurement instrument is defined in items A— D. The meter that is actually used for a measurement need only indicate the same numerical value for a particular measurement as would the defined instrument. The meter used need not have all the attributes of the defined instrument.
A. The meter is to have an input impedance of 1,500 ohms resistive shunted by a capacitance of 0.15 microfarad.
B. The meter is to indicate 1.11 times the average of the full-wave rectified composite waveform of the voltage across the resistor or current through the resistor.
C. Over a frequency range of 0—100 kHz, the measurement circuitry is to have a frequency response (ratio of indicated to actual value of currents) that is equal to the ratio of the impedance of a 1,500 ohm resistor shunted by a 0.15 microfarad capacitor to 1,500 ohms. At an indication of 0.5 mA, the measurement is to have an error of not more than 5 percent.
D. Unless the meter is being used to measure leakage from one part of a sun/heat lamp to another, the meter is to be connected between the accessible parts and grounded supply conductor.
20.6 A sample of the sun/heat lamp is to be tested for leakage current starting with the as-received condition, but with its grounding conductor if any, open at the attachment plug. The as-received condition being, without prior energization, except as may occur as part of the production-line testing. The supply voltage is to be adjusted to 120 V. The test sequence with reference to the measuring circuit (Figure 20.1) is to be as follows: (See Figure 20.1 on page 86.) A. With the switch S1 open, the sun/heat lamp is to be connected to the measuring circuit. Leakage current is to be measured using both positions of switch S2, and with the sun/heat lamp switching devices in all their operating positions.
B. Switch S1 is then to be closed, energizing the sun/heat lamp, and within a period of 5 seconds, the leakage current is to be measured using both positions of switch S2 and with the sun/heat lamp switching devices in all their operating positions.
C. Leakage current is to be monitored until thermal stabilization. Both positions of switch S2 are to be used in determining this measurement. Thermal stabilization is considered to be obtained by operation as in the normal temperature test.
21. Input Test
21.1 The current or power input to a sun/heat lamp shall not be more than 110 percent of the marked rating when the lamp is operated from a circuit of rated voltage.
21.2 To determine compliance with the requirement of paragraph 21.1, the input is to be measured with the lamp at normal operating temperature. For the input test, the rated voltage of a lamp having a marked voltage range (such as 110—120 V) is considered to be the mean of the range.
22. Irradiance Ratio Test
22.1 For each sunlamp, the ratio of the irradiance within the wavelength range of greater than 200 nm through 260 nm to the irradiance within the wavelength range of greater than 260 nm through 320 nm shall not exceed 0.003 at any distance and direction from the product or lamp.
22.2 The measurement shall be made under those operational conditions and procedures as recommended by the manufacturers that maximize the emission of radiation. The measuring instrument shall be so positioned and so oriented as to result in the maximum detection of the radiation by the instrument. The lamp voltage, current and position recommended by the manufacturers shall be used.
22.3 In determining compliance with paragraph 22.1 all measurement errors and statistical uncertainties in the measurement process and, wherever applicable, changes in radiation emission or degradation in radiation safety with age of the product are to be considered.
23. Temperature—Normal Operation Test
23.1 A sun/heat lamp shall not attain a temperature at any point high enough to constitute a risk of fire or to damage any material used in the appliance, nor to indicate temperature rises to specific points greater than those indicated in Table 23.1.
23.2 During the test, the sun/heat lamp is to be supported in the intended manner on a horizontal softwood surface covered with two layers of white tissue paper. The test is to be continued until constant temperatures have been attained. See paragraph 23.6. Any timer contacts are to be shorted during this test.
23.3 An automatic temperature-regulating or limiting control or other protective device provided as a part of a sun/heat lamp is to be shunted out of the circuit during the temperature tests, unless the control has been shown by an appropriate investigation to be reliable, and unlikely to be defeated by the user.
23.4 All values for temperature rises in Table 23.1 are based on an assumed ambient temperature of 25 degrees C (77 degrees F); however, tests may be conducted at any ambient temperature within the range of 10—40 degrees C (50—104 degrees F).
23.5 Temperatures are to be measured by thermocouples consisting of wires not larger than No.24 AWG (0.21 mm(2) and not smaller than No.30 AWG (0.05 mm(2). The thermocouples and the related instrument are to be accurate and calibrated in accordance with standard laboratory practice. The thermocouple wires are to conform with the requirements for special thermocouples as listed in the table of limits of error in the Standard for Temperature Measurement Thermocouples, ANSI MC96.1-1982. Thermocouples using iron and constantan No. 30 AWG (0.05 mm(2) wires are to be used with a potentiometer-type instrument whenever a referee temperature measurement by the mocouple is necessary.
23.6 A temperature is considered to be constant when three successive readings, taken at intervals of 10 percent of the previously elapsed duration of the test, but not less than 5-minute intervals, indicate no change.
23.7 If the retention of the asbestos insulation of a heater cord depends upon a fabric braid, the braid shall not be removed nor subjected to a temperature rise of more than 65 degrees C (117 degrees F) unless other means are provided to hold the insulation in place. The jacket of Type HSJ cord shall not be subjected to a temperature rise of more than 35 degrees C (63 degrees F), and that of Type HS to a rise of more than 50 degrees C (90 degrees F), if the protection afforded by the jacket is required.
23.8 Stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys may be used for current-carrying parts in a sun/heat lamp without restriction as to temperature. Plated iron or steel may be used for current-carrying parts where the material is subjected to temperature of more than 100 degrees C (212 degrees F), but plain (unplated) iron or steel is not acceptable, regardless of temperature.
23.9 A sunlamp is to be connected to a circuit of maximum rated voltage for the temperature test.
23.10 A heat lamp having a rated voltage of more than 120 V or less than 110 V is to be connected to a supply circuit of rated voltage for the temperature test; however, if the wattage input to the lamp when so connected is less than the marked wattage rating, the lamp is to be connected to a supply circuit of voltage sufficiently higher to cause a wattage input to the lamp equal to its marked rated wattage. If its voltage rating is within the range of 110 to 120 V, inclusive, the lamp is to be connected to a supply circuit of voltage sufficient to cause a wattage input equal to: where W(3) is the marked rated wattage of the lamp and V(3) is the marked rated voltage of the lamp; but, in any case, the voltage of the supply circuit is not to be less than the rated voltage.
23.11 With reference to paragraph 23.10, the rated wattage of a lamp rated in amperes (rather than watts) is considered to be the product of the rated voltage by the rated current.
23.12 The temperature of a coil or winding is to be measured by means of thermocouples mounted on the outside of the coil wrap and by the change of resistance method.
If the coil is inaccessible for mounting thermocouples (for example, a coil immersed in sealing compound) or if the coil wrap includes thermal insulation or more than 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) of cotton, paper, rayon or similar insulation, only the change-of-resistance method need be used. For the thermocouple-measured temperature of a coil of an a-c motor, other than a universal motor (items 1 and 3 in Table 23.1), the thermocouple is to be mounted on the integrally applied insulation of the conductor.
23.13 At a point on the surface of a coil where the temperature is affected by an external source of heat, the temperature rise measured by means of a thermocouple may be higher by the following amount than the maximum indicated in Table 23.1: provided that the temperature rise of the coil by the change-of-resistance method is not more than specified in Table 23.1.
Table 23.1
Maximum Acceptable Temperature Rises
| Materials and Component Parts | Degrees Celsius | Degrees Fahrenheit | |
| 1. | Class A insulation systems on coil windings of a-c motors (not including universal motors) thermocouple or resistance method(a): | ||
| A. In open motors and on vibrator coils | 75 | 135 | |
| B. In totally enclosed motors | 80 | 144 | |
| 2. | Class 130 insulation systems
on windings of relays, solenoids, or the like: Thermocouple method(a) |
||
| Thermocouple method(a) | 85 | 153 | |
| Resistance method | 105 | 189 | |
| 3. | Class B insulation systems
on coil windings of a-c motors (not including universal motors) thermocouple or resistance method(a): |
||
| A. In open motors and vibrator coils | 95 | 171 | |
| B. In totally enclosed motors | 100 | 180 | |
| 4. | Class 105 insulation systems on winding of relays, solenoids, or the like: | ||
| Thermocouple method(a) | 65 | 117 | |
| Resistance method | 85 | 153 | |
| 5. | Rubber- or thermoplastic-insulated wire and cords (b), (c) | 35 | 62 |
| 6. | Varnished-cloth insulation | 60 | 108 |
| 7. | Other types of insulated wires | c | c |
| 8. | Fiber used as electrical insulation or as bushings | 65 | 117 |
| 9. | Wood or other combustible material | 65 | 117 |
| 10. | Surface on which the lamp is supported, except as noted in Item 11. | 125 | 225 |
| 11. | Wall supporting a pin-up lamp | 65 | 117 |
| 12. | Phenolic composition, other than in a flatiron or appliance plug, used as electrical insulation or as a part whose deterioration would result in risk of fire, electric shock, or injury to persons (b) | 125 | 225 |
| 13. | Flatiron or appliance plug face | 175 | 315 |
| 14. | Sealing components | d | d |
| 15. | Capacitators | 25 degrees C (77 degrees F) less than the marked limit | |
| a. | See paragraphs 23.12 and 23.13 | ||
| b. | The limitations on phenolic composition and on rubber and thermoplastic insulation do not apply to compounds that have been investigated and found acceptable as having heat-resistant properties. See also paragraph 23.7. | ||
| c. | For standard insulated conductors other than those mentioned in items 5 and 6, reference should be made to the National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA No. 70—1987, and the maximum temperature rise in any case is 25 degrees C (77 degrees F) less than the acceptable temperature limit of the wire in question. | ||
| d. | Unless a thermosetting material, the maximum sealing compound temperature, when corrected to 25 degrees C (77 degrees F) ambient temperature, 15 degrees C (27 degrees F) less than the softening point of the compound as determined by the Bell and Ring Apparatus, ASTM E28—67. | ||
|
Additional Thermocouple Rise |
||
| Item in Table 23.1 | Centigrade | Fahrenheit |
| Part A of Item 1 | 5 | 9 |
| Item 2 | 20 | 36 |
| Part A of Item 3 | 10 | 18 |
| Item 4 | 15 | 27 |
23.14 The temperature rise of a winding by the change-of-resistance method is to be calculated from the formula (windings are to be at room temperature at the start of the test): in which [delta]t is the temperature rise, R is the resistance of the coil at the end of the test, r is the resistance of the coil at the beginning of the test, t(1) is the room temperature (*)C at the beginning of the test, t(2) is the room temperature (*)C at the end of the test, and k is 234.5 for copper, 225.0 for electrical conductor grade (EC) aluminum. Values of the constant for other grades must be determined.
23.15 If it is necessary to de-energize the winding before measuring R, the value of R at shutdown may be determined by taking several resistance measurements at short intervals, beginning as quickly as possible after the instant of shutdown. A curve of the resistance values and the time may be plotted and extrapolated to give the value of R at shutdown.
23.16 During the temperature test, the temperature of a surface that may be contacted by the user shall not be more than as indicated in Table 23.2. If the test is conducted at a room temperature of other than 25 degrees C (77 degrees F), the results are to be corrected to that temperature.
24. Endurance Test
24.1 The sunlamp timer shall acceptably complete 6,000 cycles of mechanical operation without malfunction and must be operable at the end of the test. Each cycle of operation is to consist of rotating the timer knob to the maximum time position and allowing the timer to operate to the off position.
24.2 Unless the timer contacts have been found to be acceptable for the purpose, they shall be subjected to 50 cycles conditioning. The conditioning load is to consist of an inductive load having a power factor of 70 percent to 80 percent adjusted to 150 percent of the operating current of the lamp. The endurance load is to consist of a tungsten lamp load equal to the operating current of the lamp. The rate of operating is to be such that a minimum of 55 seconds is provided for cooling of the lamp load between cycles. A synthetic tungsten lamp load having equivalent characteristics or a synthetic load that represent the actual current characteristic of the particular lamp load, including inrush, may be used in place of the tungsten lamp load.
25. Temperature Test—Abnormal Operation
25.1 A sun/heat lamp overturned in any position on a softwood surface covered with a double layer of cloth shall not cause the cloth or wood to glow or flame.
25.2 After having been pushed over, the lamp is to be operated under the most severe conditions that will result when it comes to rest without further guiding or propping.
25.3 A sun/heat lamp with its rays directed against a vertical softwood surface covered with a double layer of cloth at any distance from the lamp shall not cause the cloth or wood to glow or flame. The vertical wood surface shall abut a horizontal surface supporting the lamp.
25.4 The distance between the lamp and the vertical wood surface is to be such that maximum heating will occur on the latter.
25.5 A sun/heat lamp, loosely covered with a double layer of cloth, shall not cause the cloth to glow or flame.
25.6 The lamp is to be operated until constant temperatures are attained before covering it with a cloth.
25.7 Wherever cloth is mentioned in the abnormal tests, the cloth is to be bleached cheesecloth, running 14—15 yd(2)/lb (approximately 26—28 m(2)/kg) and having what is known in the trade as a “count of 32 by 28,” that is, for any square inch 32 threads in one direction and 28 threads in the other direction (for any square centimeter, 13 threads in one direction and 11 in the other direction).
25.8 If abnormal conditions in addition to those described in paragraphs 25.1, 25.3 and 25.5 are likely to be obtained in actual service, a sun/heat lamp shall not involve a risk of fire when operated under such abnormal conditions.
25.9 To determine if a risk of fire actually exists, a separate burnout or abnormal heating test is to be conducted with the lamp operating continuously until the ultimate result has been determined. During the test, the lamp is to be supported on white tissue paper on a softwood surface. Among the abnormal conditions to be considered is operation of the lamp with rays directed downward toward the supporting surface to the greatest degree possible.
25.10 An automatic temperature-regulating or limiting control or other protective device provided as a part of a sun/heat lamp is to be shunted out of the circuit during the temperature tests, unless the control has been shown by an appropriate investigation to be reliable, and unlikely to be defeated by the user.
25.11 When operated under such abnormal conditions, a lamp is considered to involve a risk of fire if there is any emission of flame or molten metal or if operation of the lamp results in the glowing or flaming of combustible material upon which it may be placed.
25.12 A heat lamp with reference to the abnormal tests will generally require continuous operation for 7 or 8 hours in order to determine that the ultimate result has been observed. Any timer contacts are to be shorted during the abnormal tests.
25.13 A sunlamp with reference to the abnormal tests will generally require continuous operation for 7 or 8 hours in order to determine that the ultimate result has been observed. The timer contacts are to be shorted during the abnormal tests.
Exception: If the timer has been tested and found to operate acceptably for 100,000 cycles of mechanical and electrical operation following the procedure in paragraphs 24.1 and 24.2, a sunlamp is first to be brought up to constant temperature before introducing the abnormal condition. The timer is then to be set at 10 minutes and the abnormal condition introduced.
25.14 If a sun/heat lamp employs one or more semi-conductors, transistors, or similar components, a risk of fire, electric shock, or personal injury condition shall not develop when the circuit between any two terminals of any such component is short circuited or is opened at any terminal. If an electrolytic capacitor is employed a risk of fire, electric shock or personal injury condition shall not develop when the capacitor is shorted. Only one simulated fault condition is to be imposed at one time.
26. Strain Relief Test
26.1 The power supply cord of a sun/heat lamp shall be capable of withstanding a straight pull of 35 lbf (156 N) applied between the cord and the sun/heat lamp for 2 minutes.
26.2 The 35 lbf (156 N) pull is to be applied by suspending a 35 lb (15.9 kg) weight on the cord with the force applied in a direction normal to the plane of the cord-entry hole, with all supply-cord conductors severed immediately adjacent to the terminals or splices. If there is a movement of the cord of more than 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) at the point where the connections are severed, the strain relief is not acceptable.
26.3 Strain relief shall be provided so that a pull exerted on the flexible cord will not be transmitted directly to binding-screw terminals of the attachment plug. The assembly shall be capable of withstanding a straight pull of 30 lbf (133 N) applied between the cord and the plug.
26.4 With the attachment plug securely held by the blades, the pull is to be applied for 1 minute to the flexible cord, in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the cord-entry hole. The results of the test are not acceptable if any cord conductor is detached from its terminal in the plug.
27. Adhesion of Labels Test
27.1 To determine if a pressure sensitive label or a label secured by cement or adhesive is of a permanent nature, representative samples that have been subjected to the tests outlined in paragraphs 27.2—27.5 shall meet the following conditions:
A. Each label shall demonstrate good adhesion and the edges shall not be curled.
B. The label shall resist defacement or removal as demonstrated by scraping across the test panel with a flat metal blade 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) thick, held at a right angle to the test panel.
C. The printing shall be legible and shall not be defaced by rubbing with thumb or finger pressure.
27.2 For each of the two types of conditioning mentioned in paragraphs 27.3 and 27.5, three samples of the label are to be applied to the same test surface as anticipated in the intended application. The labels are to be applied to the test surface not less than 24 hours prior to testing.
27.3 Three samples of the labels are to be evaluated as received.
27.4 Evaluation of samples at the end of the test as indicated in paragraph 27.5 is to be made (1) immediately following removal from the test medium, and (2) after exposure to room temperature for 24 hours following removal from the test medium.
27.5 Three samples of the labels under test are to be placed in a full-draft circulating-air oven maintained at the temperature indicated in Table 27.1 for 240 hours.
28. Dielectric Voltage-Withstand Test
28.1 A sun/heat lamp shall be capable of withstanding without breakdown for 1 minute the application of a 60 Hz essentially sinusoidal potential between live parts and dead metal parts, with the lamp at the temperature attained in use. For a circuit that operates at a voltage of 250 V or less the potential shall be 1,000 V; for a circuit which operates at a voltage of more than 250 V the test potential shall be 1,000 V plus twice the operating voltage of that circuit. If the lamp uses a 2-winding transformer, it shall also be capable of withstanding without breakdown for 1 minute the application of a 60 Hz essentially sinusoidal potential of 1,000 V plus twice the higher operating voltage of the two windings, between primary and secondary circuits.
28.2 To determine compliance with the requirement of paragraph 28.1, a sun/heat lamp is to be tested by a 500 VA or larger capacity transformer, whose output voltage is essentially sinusoidal and can be varied. The applied potential is to be increased from zero until the required test value is reached, and is to be held at that level for 1 minute. The increase in the applied potential is to be at a substantially uniform rate and as rapid as is consistent with its value being correctly indicated by a voltmeter.
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION-LINE TESTS
29. Production-Line Dielectric Voltage-Withstand Test
29.1 Each appliance shall withstand without electrical breakdown, as a routine production line test, the application of a potential at a frequency within the range of 40—70 Hz, between live parts and dead metal parts. The test potential shall be (1) 1200 V applied for 1 second or (2) 1000 V applied for 1 minute.
29.2 The appliance may be in a heated or unheated condition for the test.
29.3 The test shall be conducted when the appliance is complete (fully assembled). It is not intended that the appliance be unwired, modified or disassembled for the test.
Exception No. 1: Parts such as snap covers or friction-fit knobs that would interfere with performance of the test need not be in place.
Exception No. 2: The test may be performed before final assembly if the test represents that for the completed appliance.
29.4 The test equipment shall include a transformer having an essentially sinusoidal output, a means of indicating the test potential, an audible or visual indicator of electrical breakdown, and either a manual reset device to restore the equipment after electrical breakdown, or an automatic reject feature of any unacceptable unit.
29.5 If the output of the test equipment transformer is less than 500 VA, the equipment shall include a voltmeter in the output circuit that directly indicates the test potential.
29.6 If the output of the test equipment transformer is 500 VA or larger, the test potential may be indicated by (1) a voltmeter in the primary circuit or in a tertiary-winding circuit, (2) by a selector switch marked to indicate the test potential, or (3) in the case of equipment having a single test-potential output, by a marking in a readily visible location to indicate the test potential. When a marking is used without an indicating voltmeter, the equipment shall include a positive means, such as an indicator lamp, to indicate that the manual-reset switch has been reset following a dielectric breakdown.
29.7 Test equipment, other than that described in paragraphs 29.4—29.6, may be used if found to accomplish the intended factory control.
29.8 During the test a sufficient number of primary switching components shall be in the on position so that all primary circuitry will be stressed. Both sides of the primary circuit of the appliance are to be connected together and to one terminal of the test equipment, and the second test-equipment terminal is to be connected to the accessible dead metal.
30. Production-Line Grounding Continuity Test
30.1 Each appliance that has a power-supply cord having a grounding conductor shall be tested, as a routine production-line test, to determine grounding continuity between the grounding blade of the attachment plug and the accessible dead metal of the appliance that is likely to become energized.
30.2 Only a single test need be made if the accessible metal selected is conductively connected by construction to all other accessible metal.
30.3 Any indicating device (an ohmmeter, a battery-and-buzzer combination, or the like) may be used to determine compliance with the grounding continuity requirement in paragraph 30.1.
RATINGS
31. General
31.1 A sun/heat lamp shall be rated in amperes (A) or watts (W), and in volts (V). The rating shall include the frequency (Hz), if necessary, due to relay coils, transformers, or other components.
MARKINGS
Specifics
32.1 A heat lamp shall be legibly and permanently marked where it will be plainly visible with; (1) the manufacturer’s name, trademark, or trade name; (2) the date or other dating period of manufacture not exceeding any three consecutive months; (3) the catalog number or the equivalent; and (4) the electrical rating. A lamp intended for use on alternating current only or on direct current only shall be so marked.
Exception No. 1: The manufacturer’s identification may be in a traceable code when the heat lamp is identified by the brand or trademark of a private labeler.
Exception No. 2: The date of manufacture may be abbreviated or in a nationally accepted conventional code, or in a code affirmed by the manufacturer. A date code repetition time cycle shall not be less than 10 years.
32.2 A sunlamp or a combination sun and heat lamp shall be legibly and permanently marked where it will be plainly visible with (1) the full name and address of the manufacturer, or if the product is sold a name other than the manufacturer, the full name and address of the organization responsible for the product may be used; (2) the month and year of manufacture without abbreviation, with the year shown as a four digit number as follows—” Manufactured: (insert month and year of manufacture);” (3) catalog number or the equivalent; and (4) the electrical rating. A product intended for use on an alternating current only or on direct current only shall be so marked.* Exception: The information required in items 1 and 2 above shall be provided as specified unless a modification is authorized, in writing, by “ Director, Office of Compliance (HFZ- 300), Center for Devices and Radiological Health.”
32.3 If a sun/heat lamp is intended for cleaning or similar servicing by the user that involves the exposure of any enclosed or protected live part to unintentional contact, the appliance shall be plainly marked with a warning that such servicing be done with the supply cord disconnected from the supply circuit.
32.4 If a manufacturer produces or assembles sun/heat lamps at more than one factory, each finished product shall have a distinctive marking, which may be in code, by which it may be identified as the product of a particular factory.
32.5 An individual heating element or unit that is a part of a heat lamp and that is replaceable in the field shall be plainly marked with its electrical rating in amperes (A) or watts (W), and also in volts (V).
32.6 If a heat lamp that will accommodate lamps of two or more different types is tested as described in paragraph 19.1, the appliance shall be plainly marked to indicate that it should be used with a lamp of the type with which it was tested. If lamp is user replaceable, reference to instructions for type and method of replacement shall be provided.
32.7 Instructions for the use of a polarized attachment plug shall be provided with each sun/heat lamp employing a polarized attachment plug. The instructions shall be included on a separate sheet, on an attached tag, or in a separate format in the manufacturer’s instructions booklet. The instructions shall be titled IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS in letters not less than 3/16 inch (4.8 mm) high, and shall precede the following, or the equivalent text. “ This product has a polarized plug (one blade is wider than the other). As a safety feature, this plug will fit in a polarized outlet only one way. If the plug does not fit fully in the outlet, reverse the plug. If it still does not fit, contact a qualified electrician. Never use with an extension cord unless plug can be fully inserted. Do not attempt to defeat this safety feature.”
• Federal regulations require a marking on all sunlamp products which indicates compliance with the Federal Performance Standard (21 CFR 1040.20). See paragraph 4.1.
32.8 A heat lamp shall be marked or provided with an attached tag or instruction book which contains the word “WARNING” followed by “Use carefully. May cause serious burns. Do not use over insensitive skin areas or in the presence of poor circulation. The unattended use of infrared heat by children or incapacitated persons may be dangerous” or the equivalent.
32.9 A heat lamp using a lampholder of the conventional right hand Edison medium base size shall be marked “ For use with heat lamp only” or equivalent.
32.10 Cautionary markings and instructions intended to instruct the operator shall be legible and clearly visible to the operator in the use of the sun/heat lamp. Cautionary markings shall have the prefix word “DANGER” or “ CAUTION” in letters not less than 3/32 inch (2.4 mm) high.
32.11 Markings shall be permanent and shall be molded, diestamped, paint-stenciled, stamped or etched on metal, indelible stamped lettering, or a pressure sensitive label secured by adhesive that is acceptable for the particular application, see Section 27.