Chapters
1
-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9
2007-08 Lamp Application Guide
Introduction
The Tanning Process
The Anatomy Of The Skin
Tanning And Heredity
Skin Typing
Skin Typing Chart
Photosensitivity
Photosensitizing Medication List
UV Light And The Immune System
Pregnancy And Tanning
Sample Client Consent Form
Optimal Skincare
Professional Skincare Products
Factors That Affect SPF And Tanning
Tanning Equipment
High-Pressure Tanning
Technical Aspects Of High-Pressure Tanning
Tanning Equipment Construction And Maintenance
Tanning Unit Components
Maintenance Issues
Maintenance Checklist
CHAPTER TWO
The Tanning Process
In order to succeed in this business, salon operators must have a firm understanding about the tanning process. The skin is the largest organ on the human body and it is a complex and hard-to-understand entity. Since a tanning unit affects bodily functions, it is essential that you and your employees understand the biological process by which the skin tans when exposed to ultraviolet light. This chapter provides an overview of the tanning process and its effect on the human body and examines the function of the skin and the benefits of using professional tanning lotions.
This chapter also explains the science behind the concept of skin typing your tanning customers. Skin typing determines the amount of natural protection a person has against ultraviolet light which, in turn, helps determine how many sessions it takes to establish a base tan and how long they can be in the tanning unit without experiencing a sunburn. A handy skin-typing chart and list of medications responsible for photosensitizing reactions are included in this chapter.
Equipment technology continues to evolve and suppliers are providing a wide selection of equipment choices. From traditional tanning beds to stand-up units these commercial choices can range from entry-level 30-lamp units to high-end units offering more than 50-plus lamps.
This chapter examines equipment specifics as well as specific maintenance requirements that ensure their longevity and performance. Special attention is given to equipment construction and the care needed to achieve maximum effectiveness and profits.
An explanation of high-pressure tanning including its evolution, a comparison between low- and high-pressure and technical aspects surrounding it also are included for review.
The Tanning Process
Since the late 1970s, the practice of tanning in the United States has increased in popularity. Everyone loves the healthy-looking, golden tan acquired from exposure to ultraviolet light; therefore, it is highly unlikely that tanning will ever go out of style.
With each year that passes, tanning enthusiasts, as well as salon owners and operators, have much more knowledge about the tanning process and its overall effect on the skin. Consumers continue to become more educated about skincare and tanning and demand higher-quality products and services for their money. In order to keep up with their demands, salon owners and operators must stay abreast of the newest trends in equipment and products and have a firm grasp on the most-effective marketing and customer services practices.
Above all, salon owners should make it a priority to educate clients about achieving a tan in a sensible, moderate and responsible manner. By enforcing this at the salon level, we can keep our customers looking great with a healthy-looking tan.
Solar Ultraviolet Radiation
The solar radiation reaching the earth can be broken down into rays of varying wavelengths. The light that can be seen with the unaided eye is called the visible spectrum and is made up of rays between 400 nanometers and 780 nanometers (nm) in length. (A nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter.) Just more than 50 percent of light that reaches the earth’s surface falls into this range. Most of the remainder is called infrared light, which are rays longer than 780 nm.
About one-twentieth of the sun’s light that reaches the earth is of a shorter wavelength than the visible spectrum. It is this fractional amount, the ultraviolet light, that results in the phenomena known as suntanning and sunburning. The ultraviolet radiation is further broken down into three types—UVA (320 nm-400 nm), UVB (280 nm-320 nm) and UVC (100 nm-280 nm).
Solar radiation in the UVC range is absorbed almost entirely by the carbon dioxide and ozone in the atmosphere. This is fortunate, considering that even short exposure to any quantity of UVC is very harmful to the eyes and causes severe sunburn.
Artificial Ultraviolet Radiation
The sun is not the only source that emits rays such as ultraviolet and infrared; lamps also are capable of emitting rays. Techniques have been discovered to permit lamps to radiate relatively more UV or IR (infrared radiation). These lamps are developed specifically for tanning and emit radiation with a spectrum in which the required ultraviolet is present in abundance. The desired type of radiation can be further achieved by using filters to eliminate the unwanted rays.
The process of tanning depends upon the energy supplied in the form of UV radiation and the time during which it takes place. The amount of radiation energy administered is known as the dose.
Effective Dose And Action Spectrum
Radiation dose is the primary factor in determining how rapidly the skin will tan. However, several other factors also need to be considered. First, the type of skin to be radiated is important because tender, fair skin reacts very differently to radiation than does darkly pigmented skin. Wavelength is also an essential factor. As mentioned earlier, the skin reacts more dramatically to the short UVB rays than to the UVA which have a longer wavelength.
The objective of radiation equipment is to radiate skin with an irradiance level that is needed at a particular distance to achieve the biological effect known as tanning.
The Anatomy Of The Skin
Compared to the evolution of the sun, the concept of tanning indoors is fairly young and we continually are discovering new ideas, concepts and facts that were previously unknown. A salon owner or operator needs knowledge of how to run a successful business as well as an understanding of the biology of the skin and the process of tanning.
The skin is body’s largest organ. The skin of an average adult weighs eight to 10 pounds and has an average area of about 22 square feet. The skin’s purpose is to protect the body against injury, infection, heat, cold, and store water, fat and vitamins. The human skin is rejuvenated about once every four weeks.
Thinking of the skin as an organ, rather than something that can be used and abused, puts things in proper perspective. The skin is a wonderfully resilient organ and, for the most part, can survive virtually any form of punishment. The skin is the body’s boundary, tough enough to resist all sorts of environmental assaults, yet sensitive enough to feel a breeze.
A versatile organ, skin creates the first line of defense against possible invasion by bacteria and germs, while maintaining the body’s internal environment to within a few degrees of normal throughout our lifetimes. The skin also secretes fluids that lubricate it and barricade toxic substances, while maintaining this environment. The skin can absorb some soluble substances.
Melanin And Tanning
It is the production of melanin that results in the golden look a tanner desires. Without melanin, the skin would burn when exposed to ultraviolet light. Fortunately, melanin gives a cosmetically pleasing appearance to the skin. The process is rather intricate. First, let’s take a look at the basic structure of the skin.
(1) The hypodermis (subcutis) stores fat droplets and serves as a shock-absorbing cushion. (2) The corium (true skin) consists of resilient connective tissue and acts as a “girdle” supporting the body. The outer part of the corium contains blood vessels and nerve endings. (3) The germinative layer is one of two layers within the epidermis (cuticle). (4) The horny layer is the uppermost layer of the epidermis.
The skin comes equipped with special cells called melanocytes. When these cells are stimulated by ultraviolet light, they utilize an amino acid called tyrosine to produce the pigment melanin. The cells can store small amounts of tyrosine. The melanin pigment is only able to absorb ultraviolet light of approximately 320 nm, therefore, UVB rays are needed to achieve melanin production. UVA can formulate melanin, but only when there is enough photosensitizing material already in the skin to trigger a UVB reaction. Melanin is defined as a dark pigment found in the retina, hair and skin, except for the palms of the hands, soles of the feet and lips.
Pigment Production
Melanin granules are pink in color and are formed in the melanocytes, the production cells for new pigment grains. Pigment travels upward toward the horny layer of the epidermis where it is stored around the nuclei of keratin cells. Keratin is a strong, fibrous protein that is the basic substance of nails, hair and the horns and hoofs of animals. These cells are forced outward during the tanning process and harden on the surface where they eventually disappear through flaking.
Because of this process, we are constantly developing new skin every four to eight weeks. In this way then, the pigment protects the UVB-sensitive DNA located inside the cell nuclei without obstructing the other positive effects of ultraviolet light, such as vitamin D synthesis. Energy absorbed by pigment granules is returned to the cell in the form of heat. In the beginning stages of melanin production, the skin has very little protection. This is why the importance of slow tanning is emphasized. UVA penetrates deeper than UVB, causing damage to the corium. Damage to this layer of the epidermis hastens aging and destruction of collagen and connective tissue. A UVA burn can be much more damaging because it is not felt due to its deep penetration. This is why moderate tanning is a must.
Overexposure may cause acanthosis, or thickening of the horny layer, which can give a person a dull look. Clients of indoor tanning salons should receive a dose that neither overexposes nor underexposes them to UVR. No one should be allowed to tan for longer than the approved MTI (maximum timer interval) of the tanning unit.
In order for the pigmentation process to be effective, melanin granules must be oxidized or darkened, which requires a high dose of long-wave UVA. A sufficient amount of energy must be provided to initiate the oxidation process. UVB causes quickening of the migration of germ cells to form a thicker horny layer. In short, UVB synthesizes pigment granules, while UVA only ensures their oxidation. Together, the two form a light-protection mechanism.
Please note that a tan produced by UVA light alone only gives the illusion of light protection because the skin appears to be more tanned. Actually, neither a thickening of the skin nor pigmentation has taken place, which means the skin is as vulnerable to ultraviolet light as before.
Melanin is the leading factor that determines a person’s skin color, and its presence is determined by hereditary factors. This is based on the regions of the world from which a person’s ancestors came and is referred to as constitutional skin color. But not all skin color is based on constitutional skin color. Facultative skin color, referred to as tanning, is the result of deliberate exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Here, hormonal factors determine the shade of a tan one will develop.
Each skin type reacts in its own way to UV radiation. The reaction is dependent upon the amount of pigment already in the skin naturally, the capability to build up additional protection (facultative pigmentation) and the degree of thickening of the uppermost horny skin layer (acanthosis).
All of these factors are determined genetically. In the initial stage of tanning, the skin has what are called pre-pigment grains that appear gray-brown in color. The visible result of these grains is immediate tanning, seen in people who tan easily.
However, this color can disappear very quickly, in as few as 24 hours. In the lowest layer of the outer skin, the melanocytes (melanin-producing cells) begin to generate new pigment grains called melanosomes. Because this is a slower process than the immediate tanning of pre-pigment grains, it is known as indirect pigmentation. With the presence of UVB, melanocytes are stimulated to divide, creating more pigment cells. During this time, the epidermis thickens to form additional protection, again a condition referred to as acanthosis.
The actual production of melanin occurs deep within the outer skin where melanocytes are situated. Melanocytes are capable of growing between the surrounding keratinocyte cells and forming offshoots called dendrites. It is at this point that melanocytes have the ability to be stimulated by UV rays to achieve their purpose of producing melanin. Eventually, the pigment grains change from their initial pink color to their final stage of reddish-brown or a tan. The peak color that can be achieved is dependent upon an individual’s tanning schedule and individual factors such as skin type, hormonal influences and recent UV history.
Melanin can compensate for only so much UV light. It’s not difficult to spot a tanner who has had too much UV exposure. Photo-induced inflammation, better know as a sunburn, is the result of an overdose of UVB rays. Longer wave UVA produces a reddening of the skin only when sufficient photosensitizing effects are taking place, due to an excess dosage or a high concentration of photosensitizing substances, such as certain medications, perfumes or lotions. A sunburn resulting from too much UVB causes cell damage on only the top germinative layer where cells eventually flake off. A sunburn from UVA, however, reaches deep into the connective tissues, permanently damaging the delicate elastic fibers of the skin.
Tanning Takes Time
Clients need to be educated on the tanning process and made aware that it takes some time. It takes six to 10 sessions—following the exposure schedule—for a previously unexposed individual to develop a base tan.
The tanning process occurs in two phases. The color seen immediately after getting out of a tanning unit is due to immediate pigment darkening (IPD). IPD results from the rapid darkening of already existing melanin and is induced mainly by UVA. It is most obvious in skin where high levels of pigmentation already exist. IPD can fade within minutes or last up to several days after longer exposures and blend into the delayed tanning phase.
The delayed tanning phase first becomes visible 72 hours after exposure. It is induced mainly by UVB and is the result of increased melanin. By creating an excited condition in the melanocytes which then release more melanin, both UVA and UVB contribute to the delayed tanning phase.
Because the length of IPD is primarily determined by skin type, certain individuals will experience IPD for only a few minutes. It is important to educate these clients on the tanning process, otherwise they may incorrectly perceive that they did not receive adequate color from their tanning session and try to tan again within a 24-hour period. This could lead to unintentional overexposure. Supplementing sunless-tanning options along with UV tanning will allow these clients to have immediate color while they develop their base tans.
Skin Typing
Being able to quickly and accurately identify the various skin types is crucial for the longevity of any indoor tanning facility. Every tanner should be skin typed and recorded, either in a computer file or card file for easy reference. The tanner also should be asked about any medications he or she may be taking and directed to the list of photosensitizing agents posted in the salon.
Skin typing will help tanners know how many sessions it will take to establish a base tan and how long they can be in the tanning unit without experiencing an uncomfortable and unnecessary sunburn. Remember, skin type determines the amount of natural protection a person has against ultraviolet light.
Because of the variety of people with different genetic backgrounds, dermatologists categorize humans into six different skin types, starting from lightest and working up to darkest. Fair skin burns easily and produces little tan because it has little natural protection. Dark skin tans more easily and burns less because it has more natural protection. Therefore, lighter shades should tan for relatively short time periods, while darker shades may tan for more extended periods of time. However, for liability reasons no one should be allowed to exceed the maximum exposure time posted on the unit, no matter how dark his or her skin tone. The Skin Typing Chart below outlines the six classes of skin types. This formula is only one variable in the entire tanning equation. It is a common misconception that because indoor tanning equipment is designed to produce a fast tan without burning, tanning for a longer period of time will generate a faster tan. The reality is that the best tanning performance will be achieved by adhering to the maximum recommended exposure time of the individual tanning unit.
Food and Drug Administration standards require equipment manufacturers to provide an exposure schedule with the product warning label. The exposure schedule allows a user to gradually build a tan and maintain it while controlling the risk of acute injury and delayed adverse effects. Because the UV dose that causes a barely discernible pink coloration on the skin is not the same for everyone, the exposure schedule for the first-time user will depend on his or her skin type.
In addition to preventing burns from overexposure to UV light, the formula marks the point at which tanning takes place most efficiently. After this point, the degree of tanning is lessened or even reversed. Even if the tanner already has a substantial base tan, overexposure mostly produces a thickening of the outer layer of skin, which does not tan. Overexposure in a single session may damage the tanning response so that less pigment is produced instead of more.
Because the output of different tanning lamps varies, so will the exposure times of different tanning units. In particular, reflector and high-pressure tanning lamps will have shorter recommended exposure times. But because they are derived from the levels of UV light that the unit produces, they should be respected.
Minimum Erythemal Dose And Minimum Melanogenic Dose
MED is the Minimal Erythemal Dose and is defined as the threshold dose that may produce sunburn. MMD, on the other hand, is the Minimal Melanogenic Dose and is equal to the lowest dose required to develop a visible suntan. Even though the terms MED and MMD seem to be self-explanatory at first glance, the translation of these values in the daily practice of indoor tanning often leads to misunderstandings of wrong interpretations, especially when it comes to determining exposure times based on MED and MMD values.
Determining Threshold Dosages
Assume that unprotected skin has been exposed to UV radiation for the first time. In order to determine the MED, the reaction of the skin will be recorded 24 hours after exposure. The minimal dose that induces any visible skin reddening at that point of time is defined as 1 MED. Redness that occurs immediately after exposure and disappears during the following three to five hours is caused mainly by heat and is not comparable with real UV erythema. This is the reason why the reading is not taken until 24 hours later.
For users of tanning units, the MED provides important information about the sunburning effect of the equipment, since an even perceptible reddening is the first sign of a sunburn reaction. In order to prevent possible acute or longterm risks due to indoor tanning, the MED should not be exceeded during a session.
The MMD is determined in a very similar manner. In contrast to the MED examination, the readings are performed seven days after exposure instead of 24 hours. The minimal dose required to produce an even noticeable tan, which can still be observed seven days later, is defined as 1 MMD. The interval between exposure and reading is necessary to permit the occurrence of new melanin biosynthesis (melanogenesis), which only becomes evident after several days of UV application.
To better understand MED and MMD, it should be said that both are individual values. The lowest effective dose developing a sunburn as well as the value producing a suntan depend distinctly on the skin sensitivity of the person.
In order to eliminate these individually influencing factors, MED and MMD have been standardized. With standardized MED and standardized MMD values, sunlamp products can be characterized and specified and become comparable with respect to their biological capabilities. Such information based on these standard values are of higher ranking meaning than are statements about the physical data such as UVB/UVA ratio or UVB percentage.
Comparing Standard MED And MMD
By comparing MED and MMD values of tanning units, it may be surprising that the required exposure time for reaching 1 MMD is usually longer than the corresponding time for reaching 1 MED. This seems to indicate that it is impossible to tan without first developing skin redness. At the same time, the question comes up: How can we achieve tanning slowly, progressively, and safely without producing a sunburn?
To shed some light on this question, consider the following: MED and MMD are standardized values and valid for unprotected and untanned Skin Type II. This means that such given values are basically only valid before undergoing the first exposure.
The effect on the skin of a melanogenic dosage will become evident only three to five days after exposure, at the earliest. Further, melanogenesis is a long-lasting process, therefore, consecutive single dosages work cumulatively. In other words, the skin does not forget the induced pigment effects and accumulates these single pigment-producing dosages over time. Besides melanogenesis, there exists the IPD, an immediate pigment darkening effect which is a rather superficially effective tanning mechanism. IPD is a transient reaction induced by the photochemical oxidation of preformed melanin pigments by long-wave UV, darkening the skin during exposure.
By use of a tanning unit, for example, which is characterized by an exposure time of 20 minutes for 1 MED and 45 minutes for 1 MMD, melanogenesis can be induced in two different ways.
MED/MMD-Based Schedule
Consider the given MMD exposure time of 45 minutes. Although the applied melanogenic dose is high enough to produce new pigments, an exposure of this duration cannot be recommended because the MED would be exceeded more than twice during such a session. The better way to get a tan will be by starting an exposure schedule consisting of three applications of 15 minutes each during one week. The advantage of such a procedure is twofold. The applied dose per session does not reach the limit of 1 MED; however, at the same time the skin has received a total melanogenic dose of 1 MMD. This means the process of new pigment formation will be induced without the risk of sunburn and the skin will remain healthier. Furthermore, at the beginning of each tanning session series, this exposure schedule is in agreement with FDA regulations.
In addition to melanogenesis, even during the first exposure session the skin will be tanned immediately if the horny layer contains some weakly colored, pre-formed pigments which then can be darkened by IPD. Generally, human skin has some pigment pre-stages available (except Skin Type I). In this context, it may be helpful to know that with most of the commonly used sunlamps, the threshold dose to initiate IPD will be reached quicker than 1 MED.
Depending on the amount of available pigment pre-stages (and on Skin Types) the effect of IPD usually remains only for hours-at the most a few days. With an increasing number of sessions, the amount of pre-stage pigment will be enhanced.
Talking about indoor tanning as well as outdoor tanning, the mechanisms of “immediate pigment darkening” and of “pigment formation” (melanogenesis) interact so that a clear differentiation between both is often impossible. As a rule, it can be established that IPD is more important during the first sessions while melanogenesis comes more and more into play during the following exposures.
By using tanning units, both mechanisms are utilized. At the beginning, the tanning results are caused mainly by IPD. With increasing sessions the obtained suntan becomes darker and deeper due to further melanin synthesis. Further, with a well-tanned skin, the required exposure time to develop an erythema will be prolonged, and provide an effective sun protection.
Skin Typing Chart
Photosensitivity
Every salon professional lives by the rule of sensible, moderate and responsible tanning. That means educating your customers and staff about the dangers of overexposure and the subject of photosensitivity. There are instances where a customer may have a photosensitive reaction to ultraviolet light and think it’s a sunburn, and it is up to the salon operator to educate the consumer.
Defining Photosensitivity
Photosensitivity is a physical reaction that occurs in varying degrees to a certain portion of the population. It occurs when different drugs or medical conditions react with ultraviolet light to cause the body to become more sensitive regarding the skin’s acceptance of ultraviolet light.
The chemical may enter the skin several ways—orally, topically or parenterally (not through the digestive tract)—but must be present when the skin is exposed. Compounds that cause photosensitivity usually are cosmetic or therapeutic in nature. Sometimes the chemical changes that occur reduce the skin’s ability to defend or heal itself. Some medications specifically are designed to enhance the immune system or reduce the immune response. There also are medical conditions that cause a similar response.
Hopefully, a tanning customer will be aware of any medical condition and will have been told by his or her physician to be careful of sun exposure. However, it is the salon owner’s responsibility to inform the client that ultraviolet light is the same whether it is emitted from the sun or from a tanning unit.
There are a number of reactions that can occur from mixing certain medications with ultraviolet light. The reaction is almost the opposite of putting sunscreen lotion on the skin. For example, an SPF 8 lotion is formulated to allow a person to remain in the sun for eight times as long without burning.
In the case of a photosensitizing agent, the individual only may be able to be out in the sun for one-fourth the time he or she normally can before getting erythema or sunburn.
It also is important to note that certain drugs are more photosensitizing than others. For example, Tetracycline, Thiazide and anti-cancer drugs such as Interferon top the list as most likely to cause a severe reaction.
Salon operators must be aware that each individual is different and there are varying portions of the population that will react to any given medication or product.
Additional points to consider are formulation, metabolism, elimination factors and photochemical reactivity, as well as the method of administration. Factors associated with radiation include the special irradiance of the ultraviolet source, dose and rate of delivery, number and frequency of exposure, and the timing of the radiation relative to the presence of the chemical in the body. Refer to a list of photosensitizing drugs and agents beginning on page 23. While this list is comprehensive, it does not list the newer medications on the market. If you have any concerns, have your customers consult with their doctors or pharmacists to see if they can withstand UV exposure—indoors or outdoors.
Photoallergic Versus Phototoxic Reactions
There are two types of photosensitive reactions—phototoxic and photoallergic. It can be difficult to distinguish between the two types of reactions, and a substance or medication is capable of producing both reactions.
Photoallergic reactions usually occur due to substances applied to the skin but can be caused by substances ingested or injected. The reaction is the result of UV light structurally changing the substance and, in turn, causing the skin to produce antibodies, resulting in allergic reaction.
The symptoms typically appear as eczema-like skin conditions, but also can present as lesions or hives. Symptoms usually appear on exposed areas of the body, but the reaction can spread to non-exposed areas of the body. Symptoms usually are delayed for 24 hours up to several days, and the recovery period often is slower than that of phototoxic reactions.
It is important to note that photoallergic reactions are not dependent on the amount of substance applied, ingested or injected. These reactions require prior or prolonged exposure to the substance and do not occur during the initial exposure to the substance. After the initial exposure period, continued exposure to the substance, even in small amounts, will cause a photoallergic reaction. They are more common in adults than children. Reactions can occur due to chemically related substances by cross-sensitivity or cross-allergenicity.
Phototoxic reactions are more common than photoallergic reactions and are caused by substances that either can be ingested, applied to the skin or injected.
A phototoxic reaction occurs when the substance absorbs energy from UV light and releases the energy into the skin.
This energy causes skin cell damage or death. The reaction usually occurs quickly—within seconds to hours after exposure. The symptoms usually appear only on the parts of the body that were exposed and present as a sunburn/erythema, pain, blistering, hyperpigmentation and peeling.
Phototoxic reactions can occur on first exposure to a substance and usually do not show cross-sensitivity.
What To Do
The clinical features of photosensitive reactions vary with the chemical and the individual. Skin eruptions tend to occur in areas of greatest exposure. In the event of an injury developing from overexposure to ultraviolet light in a tanning facility, medical advice or attention should be sought immediately. In the incidence of a photosensitive reaction, exposure to ultraviolet radiation should be stopped at once.
Tanning facilities that are regulated by state law are required to submit a written report of the incident within five working days.
For mild sunburn, cool compresses should be kept on the affected area until the pain subsides. Soaking with Aveeno Oilated oatmeal, cold cream and other bland medications are fine for mild sunburns. Do not use any anesthetic ointment with the word “caine” in it, as this could cause a severe allergic reaction. If an eye injury is incurred, immediately refer the client to an emergency room or ophthalmologist.
Photosensitizing Medication List
UV Light And The Immune System
Salon owners have reported that some prospective tanners are concerned about if UV light suppresses the immune system. The effects of UV on the immune system have been the subject of controversial debate. There have been some physical therapists that have reported a distinct activation of the immune system, while some dermatologists have noted somewhat of a depression of the system when subjected to UV energy.
It’s somewhat of a paradoxical situation. Ultraviolet radiation has both a suppressive effect and an activating effect. For example, UV light can be utilized in aiding successful organ transplants by suppressing the immune system so the organ will not be rejected. UV light fixtures also can be installed in closed environments like submarines, or schools and hospitals in northern latitudes. Here it is considered a benefit in warding off some infectious diseases.
Some studies indicate that after initially suppressing the immune system, that same exposure to UV light will subsequently enhance the immune system. One such study [Larcom, L.L., (1991) Tanning salon exposure suppression of DNA repair capacity and mitogen-induced DNA synthesis. Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 511-516.] was completed more than 10 years ago. A test group of young, white adults were used to collect lymphocytes immediately before UV exposure in a commercial tanning salon and 24 hours later.
The results basically indicate that initial immunosuppression had occurred, DNA repair capacity returned, on subjects within one week of exposure. However, keep in mind the following:
No spectral emission data was used from the sunlamp manufacturer;
- Aging of the lamp was not taken into consideration;
- No lamp testing device was employed;
- Different tanning times for different skin types; and,
- Only eight subjects were tested.
Therefore, UV light can have both positive and negative responses. Remind your customers to take a sensible, moderate and responsible approach to tanning indoors and outdoors.
Pregnancy And Tanning
Pregnancy and tanning is a subject that comes up during the tanning season, as well throughout the entire year. It is important to note that indoor tanning equipment utilizing either primarily UVA (as in high-pressure tanning equipment) or UVA and UVB (as in low-pressure products) penetrate the layers of the epidermis, dermis, and in some cases, the subcutaneous layer of the skin. It does not however, have sufficient energy to penetrate any further.
With pregnancy come many physical and emotional transformations. The hormones produced and stimulated during pregnancy create many changes that sometimes fill a mother-to-be with anxiety and tension. When it comes to tanning, expectant mothers as well as salon owners must consider several factors when deciding on an indoor tanning policy regarding pregnancy.
As mentioned above, UV tanning rays do not penetrate to a depth that would directly affect a fetus. That is, UVA and UVB light only penetrate to and interact with the epidermis, or outer layer of the skin. However, there are indirect factors that must be considered when allowing a pregnant consumer to tan in your tanning facility.
One of the biggest concerns regarding tanning and pregnancy lies with the possibility of dehydration or overheating which is referred to medically as hyperthermia. In the initial stages of pregnancy, there are certain studies that have linked extreme hyperthermia to birth defects including heart problems, abdominal-wall defects and problems with the development of the nervous system.
Most of these problems are rare, have not been linked to indoor tanning and only have been associated with prolonged exposure to temperatures of 102 degrees Fahrenheit or more for several hours in the early stages of pregnancy. Fortunately, regulatory standards typically limit the maximum temperature for commercial tanning devices to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. As a rule, in the later stages of pregnancy, most doctors report that a normal fetus is less sensitive to heat, although caution should still be exercised.
When considering the heat generated by tanning devices and pregnancy, common sense plays an important role. Pregnant women who decide to tan should be sure and stay well-hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids. And, whether a consumer is pregnant or not, when a person starts to feel uncomfortable from the heat, it is time to end the tanning session.
Skin Pigmentation During Pregnancy
During pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone affect hormones that stimulate the deposit of pigment in the skin. With this stimulation sometimes comes an exaggerated pigmentation in the skin color of the face. Seventy percent of pregnant women develop this condition, called chloasma or the “mask of pregnancy,” which can be seen in varying degrees in a majority of pregnancies.
This darkening of the face may continue after delivery if birth control pills containing estrogen and progesterone are taken. Women with naturally dark hair are more susceptible to this condition that can be exaggerated with continued UV exposure. Although it is typically not a highly noticeable trait, many women are more conscious of their appearance during pregnancy, so it can be unsettling if a customer notices any of these changes. Fortunately, these cosmetic changes are almost always reversible after delivery.
Make A Decision
Even though its understood that ultraviolet light cannot penetrate the body to reach the womb, or the fetus, many salon owners have made a decision not to knowingly allow clients to tan during pregnancy. In other instances, salon owners require written permission slips from the customer’s personal physician or OBGYN. In any case, the ultimate decision should be left to the informed salon owner as to the policy of tanning while pregnant.
Salon owners also should discuss this policy with their insurance carriers. In some cases, insurance companies will already have a pregnancy/tanning policy in place that mandates the procedures of the salon. In any case, owners should develop a written and consistent policy so staff members handling customers will be well aware of the owner’s wishes regarding tanning and pregnancy.
Sample Client Consent Form
Optimal Skincare
As mentioned earlier, the skin is the largest organ of the body. Although the skin is less complicated than most other organs, it is still an architectural marvel as it covers the entire body and accounts for about 7 percent of our total weight.
The skin has three main functions—to protect the tissues beneath from injury, from invasion by bacteria and from drying out; to inform the body of changes in environment through a network of specialized nerve sense organs; and, to keep the temperature of the body constant.
Sebum is a substance that the body secretes onto the skin to prevent moisture or water loss from the underlying tissues. Sebum production varies from person to person, but frequent washing with soaps or detergents—or exposure to dry, warm air similar to that from a tanning unit without the proper use of tanning or skincare products—can dry out the skin and leave it rough and flaky.
Dry Skin Solutions
Dry skin is one of the most common skin problems and it is also one of the most easily resolved. Surprisingly, the problem is usually only skin deep. When a person has a loss of sebum and experiences dry skin, only the skin’s paper-thin outer layer, the stratum corneum, is dry and literally lacking in water. Underneath this thin layer of dead skin are deeper, living layers of tissue that are always in need of moisture.
The solution for dry skin is often simple. You need to get and keep more water in the stratum corneum, because water and only water will transform it into a smooth and flexible surface. Here are some tips to for your customers to follow:
Use a moisturizer before, during and after their tanning session, and whenever skin feels dry. Also, applying moisturizers to damp skin immediately after a bath or shower will help seal moisture in the stratum corneum.
- If a person is sensitive to perfumes, they may want to avoid moisturizers that contain perfumes.
- Don’t bathe for more than 15 minutes. Ironically, soaking for long periods of time dehydrates skin because it has a tendency to wash away “moisture-sealing” sebum. Quick showers are always best.
- Use a gentle, moisturizing cleanser or body wash as part of an overall skincare regime.
- The face may require a different skincare program than the rest of the body. This is because it is possible to have an oily facial complexion while also having itchy, flaky, bone-dry skin on the legs.
Cold-Weather Problems
Although skin dryness can be a problem anytime of year, the cold air and low humidity of winter can be especially rough on skin. With an increase in dry, wintry air comes a decrease in skin moisture. When the water content of the skin drops below 10 percent, it gets rough, chaps and scales. The skin’s surface normally contains 10 percent to 20 percent water. With this decrease of water, the skin loses flexibility, itches and often cracks.
In addition to proper moisturization in the winter months, use a humidifier, especially if a person is constantly exposed to dry, heated indoor air. This will help sustain proper levels of water within the skin.
And don’t forget to watch kids’ skin closer during the winter months. In addition to the same cold, dry air that adults are susceptible to during wintry weather, kids are more prone to experience dry skin because they often have very little sebum secretion and, therefore, dryer, more sensitive skin.
Extending The Life Of A Tan
During normal skin conditions, a person loses millions of dead skin cells every day. These are the same cells that hold the oxidized melanin bronzed during the tanning process. This normal process literally gives us an entirely new outer layer of skin about every 30 days.
When the skin is lacking proper moisture, the flaking or rubbing-off of skin cells is accelerated. Through proper moisturization that we are able to enhance and keep our beautiful golden tan longer.
Having a better understanding of skin and its important role as the body’s largest organ is an essential part of being an indoor tanning professional. Clients rely on you and your staff to help them avoid possible skin problems that are easily avoidable.
Dry skin can be prevented—or at least minimized—through simple skincare regimes like those mentioned in this article. If a dry skin problem doesn’t clear up in a week or two, suggest that your customers contact their health care provider.
After Tan Odor
Many tanners complain about an unusual smell after completing your tanning session. Put their questions to rest by educating them that it is a natural physical occurrence. Aside from producing a cosmetic tan, indoor tanning units produce heat and generally cause many indoor tanners to perspire. During perspiration, a protein is secreted. Bacteria that live in and on our skin eat away at this protein, which produces an odor. In addition, every person has a unique body chemistry that can be influenced by diet and hormones. A combination of personal hygiene habits, perfumes and lotions also may play a role in producing the “after-tan” smell. Perspiration also may have an ammonia-like smell.
Many indoor tanners have been concerned that they might “wash off” their tans. But in reality, it takes at least eight to 24 hours to visualize the result of a tanning exposure. It is important to note that tanning tends to rob the skin of moisture, so it is essential to moisturize the skin in order to maintain the tan.
In the tanning process, melanin is stimulated, migrates to the epidermis and is oxidized—resulting in a tan. These skin cells slough off every 28-30 days. So for those individuals desiring a tan, a maintenance schedule with subsequent tanning sessions in moderation is often desirable.
Before tanning, the skin should be clean and free of cosmetics that may block UV absorption in order to obtain the best results. Whether to shower before or after a tanning session isn’t really the question—it’s a question of personal hygiene.
Professional Skincare Products
Every day your clients battle the war to maintain healthy skincare. And as a tanning and skincare expert you are responsible for protecting and preserving your customers’ skin by offering a selection of lotions to keep skin soft, supple and looking healthy.
No one can dispute the fact that the lotion and skincare segment of the tanning industry has experienced explosive growth in the last eight years. Both veteran and newcomer lotion and skincare manufacturers have recognized the market potential and expanded their product lines to provide tanners with a wide array of choices. From lotions and gels, to sprays and greaseless oils, today’s tanners have a plethora of products to choose from.
Specifically Formulated Lotions
Research from lotion and skincare manufacturers indicate that the use of products formulated specifically for indoor tanning actually can enhance and stimulate the body’s natural tanning process. When the skin is exposed to natural or manufactured ultraviolet light, it stimulates production of a pigment found in the body called melanin. When melanin is triggered, it rises to the epidermal layer of the skin, allowing the tanning process to begin.
However, large amounts of amino acids, which are components of melanin, are not stored by our bodies, which means that it can take days after exposure to ultraviolet light to develop a tan.
There are two basic steps that one can follow in developing an indoor or outdoor tan. Pre-tan solutions are applied before exposure to ultraviolet light. These formulas include vitamins, botanicals and essential oils to nourish the skin and prepare it for the tanning process. The old rule of thumb—healthy skin tans the best—is key.
A pre-tan solution lays the foundation for building a rich, healthy tan, and manufacturers of tanning products believe a properly cultivated tan can be the body’s most effective sunscreen against the harmful effects of UV rays on the skin.
Amplifiers are products that moisturize the skin while tanning and allow ultraviolet light to penetrate the skin. Normally, some ultraviolet rays bounce off our bodies. Amplifiers reduce the skin’s capacity for reflection, so more rays can penetrate.
Using post-tanning solutions is another vital step one may follow in a tanning regimen. They serve basically one purpose—to moisturize and replenish the skin that has been dried during the tanning process. This minimizes both peeling and flaking, and keeps the skin moist and healthy.
There are some major differences between indoor and outdoor tanning. Indoor tanning relies primarily on manufactured UVA rays in a controlled environment, compared to outdoor tanning that consists of both UVA and UVB natural rays in widely varying environments. Because of these different conditions in outdoor and indoor tanning, different solutions for protection and tanning enhancement should be used.
Moisturizers
Moisturizers are an extremely important weapon in the battle against dry skin. When the skin is moist, it remains supple and lubricated. Environmental elements such as heat, air, sun and water can all contribute to dried, rough skin. Oil-and-water-based moisturizing lotions on the market coat the skin with a film to bind water to the skin and also to maintain a smooth look.Vitamins are also a popular addition to moisturizers. Among the most commonly used vitamins in creams and lotions are A, C, D and E. Vitamin A helps keep skin soft, lubricated and healthy looking; vitamin C is supposed to act as a preservative; vitamin D is believed to have certain skin healing and UV-blocking properties; and vitamin E is used primarily as an antioxidant to help maintain product freshness. Antioxidants also may slow down the skin’s aging process.
Sunblocks
Anyone who has had the experience of being burned by in the sun knows the value of sunscreens and sunblocks. However, most people don’t understand how they work to protect the skin. Sunscreen chemicals absorb solar energy (UVA and UVB) before it can penetrate into the skin. The absorbed energy excites the sunscreen temporarily; then, as the chemical relaxes back into its original state, it transforms that entry into something harmless (usually heat). This process is repeated countless times per second.
Every sunscreen chemical has a characteristic absorption spectrum. It is capable of absorbing only certain wavelengths of ultraviolet light energy. High SPF (Sun Protection Factor) sunscreen formulas contain blends of more than one sunscreen because no single chemical is capable of absorbing all UVB radiation.
UVA And UVB Absorbers
High SPF products contain Oxybenzone (or Benzophenone- 3), a UVA absorber. In 1986, (the last year data was published) Padimate O (or Octyl Dimethyl PABA) was found to be the most widely used UVB absorber in the United States. Contrary to consumer belief, this is not the same as PABA which rarely is used anymore because a small percentage of people are known to be sensitive to it. Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate (Octyl Methoxycinna-mate) is becoming an increasingly popular UVB absorber, especially in PABA-free and sensitive skin sun products. Use of a broad-spectrum sunscreen product that blocks UVA and UVB is much safer than UVB blocks alone.
Government Regulations
In 1978, an FDA Expert Panel issued proposed rules that “would establish conditions for the safety, effectiveness, and labeling of over-the-counter (OTC) drug products.” Sunscreens fell under the category of OTC drugs because their use can affect the structure or function of the skin. Although technically the proposal is still not officially law, FDA officials and reputable marketers treat it as such and adhere to the rules and regulations it set forth in 1978.
One of the most helpful developments in selecting the right suntan product is the skin type guide created by the FDA.
Categories of skin type, based on their reaction to the sun, have been identified and a numerical sun protection factor has been recommended for each skin type. This number, or SPF, is a measurement of the amount of burning rays that are filtered out by the sunscreen ingredient contained in the suntan lotion or oil.
Generally, SPF numbers range from 2 to 15, with the higher numbers containing the greater amount of protection from sunburn. Sunscreen products are categorized as follows: Minimal Protection (SPF 2 to 4); Moderate Protection (SPF 4 to 6); Extra Protection (SPF 6 to 8); Maximal Protection (SPF 8 to 15); and, Ultra Protection (SPF 16 and greater).
With increasing publicity in recent years about the dangers of overexposure to UV light, consumers have demanded (and marketers have provided) sunscreen formulas with SPFs greater than 15. Technically, these products are mislabeled, but the FDA has not yet intervened. Many noted authorities are debating how high we need to go with SPFs because they say there is relatively little extra protection to be gained above SPF 15 or 20.
It is useful to have an assortment of products with varying SPF numbers. The suntan lotion which is desired in the early days of summer, SPF 4, for example, may have too great an SPF for the last days of August, when SPF 2 may be more appropriate.
Another point to consider is the fact that different parts of the body require special care in the sun. Because of their prominence, noses, cheeks and lips often require a product with a stronger SPF than needed for arms and legs. Suntan products should be applied liberally to all exposed parts of the body and should be reapplied after swimming or strenuous activity.
Personal preference is an important deciding factor in selecting a suntan product, and one which determines whether to choose an oil or lotion; a bottle or tube; a coconut or baby fresh scent. Personal choice is important, but it should not overrule selection of the product based on skin type and SPF.
Selection of the right suntan product is an important variable in getting a perfect tan. More important is regular use of suntan products and common sense about when to come in from the sun.
SPF Calculation
In order to calculate the SPF of a sunscreen, two terms must be understood. SPF—Ratio of the amount of energy required to produce a minimal sunburn through a sunscreen product film to the amount of energy required to produce the same minimal sunburn without any sunscreen protection. MED—”Minimal erythema dose” is the amount of energy needed to produce a just-perceptible sunburn.In calculation, the following formula is used: SPF = MED protected skin/MED unprotected skin.
Factors That Affect SPF And Tanning
There are a number of factors that determine the effect of SPFs on the tanning process.
(1) Formula—Oils are generally less effective than creams.
(2) Amount applied—It is important to apply a thick, even film of sunscreen and to re-apply it after swimming or exercise.
(3) Skin type—It determines your amount of natural protection. Fair skin burns easily and produces little tan because it has little natural protection. Dark skin tans easier and burns less because it has more natural protection.
(4) Location—Affects how much UV gets through the atmosphere. There is more UV exposure at high altitudes, and more near the Equator than at the Poles.
(5) Time of day and season of the year—These factors determine the tilt and rotation of the earth, and this affects how much UV gets through the atmosphere. Sun energy is most intense between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. and more intense in summer than winter.
(6) Reflection and transmission of light—Light reflects off sand, water, cement, etc. Glass transmits UVA light.
Tanning Equipment
Choosing the right piece of tanning equipment is one of the most important decisions a salon owner can make. Modern units blend unmatched technology with inspiring elegance. By investing in new equipment, tanning professionals can take advantage of cutting-edge features, ergonomic interiors and eye-appealing exterior designs.
Today’s equipment manufacturers offer a wide range of equipment choices because they realize that consumers want more diverse choices in appearance and function. Much like the first automobiles, the first tanning beds were primitive and boxy in appearance because they were built for functionality rather than aesthetics. As the industry progressed, equipment manufacturers improved upon their products and began introducing a selection of tanning units that included more curves, more comfortable acrylics and more sophisticated timing devices.
Equipment manufacturers have revolutionized the science of tanning, and in 2007 end users are buying far more superior products than they did nearly 30 years ago. Since purchasing tanning equipment is such a big investment, today’s buyers are looking for innovations in the engineering of tanning equipment and reasonable price-points. Commercial tanning equipment can range anywhere from around $2,900 for a an entry-level unit all the way to $40,000 and higher for a high-end unit.
Industry veterans agree that the Europeans still influence the tanning market. For instance, European tanning units have become more ergonomically appealing and large enough to include a wider range of tanners than ever before. The North American tanning market has seen sales in tanning units evolve from 24-lamp units to 50-lamp units and higher. Many contend that the expensive, good looking European beds have forced the U.S. manufacturers to turn up the heat and produce better products and market them smarter.
The concept of offering equipment with multiple levels of tanning capabilities— including low-, medium- and high-pressure options—continues to dominate the market. This multilevel system of equipment has provided salon owners with the unique opportunity to upgrade their low-pressure tanners to medium-pressure beds, and their medium-pressure tanners to high-pressure beds for a minimal charge. Additionally, many salons are looking for equipment with varied tanning times such as 9-, 12-, 15- and 20- minute exposure schedules. This allows for a staggered customer flow and turnover in tanning rooms.
Today’s bigger beds contain more lamps in the canopy and the bottom of the bed—ultimately to allow for a more intense and quicker tan, while giving the clients added value for-their dollar.
A continued trend to include varied-length lamps and shoulder lamps in the tanning unit allows customers to get an all-over tan without the need to change tanning units. Some equipment providers are offering wider and longer versions of their equipment to satisfy the larger and taller tanning customers.
Equipment makers also continue to fine-tune mechanical features such as piston-lift canopies and contoured acrylics to allow the tanner to tan better and more comfortably during the tanning session. Additional equipment enhancements include advanced lamp and filter systems, digital stereo systems, aromatherapy, massage, cooling mist, easy-touch controls, electronic diagnostics to help the salon staff with maintenance issues, advanced body cooling and integrated ventilation systems.
Maintenance continues to become easier for salon personnel thanks to manufacturers putting their components in trays that slide out of the bottom of the beds—making repairs and cleaning easier. Specially coated finishes allow beds to be more durable and ensure their trendy look much longer. Additionally, manufacturers are offering a bigger selection of colors and designs to better match existing salon decors. Some makers are offering hinged acrylics for ease of maintenance.
Vertical units continue to offer appealing features that enhance their marketability. Today’s stand-up units offer sleek new looks, novel shapes and ergonomic designs. Manufacturers are offering eye-catching graphics and designs that assist the salon staff in upgrading from more basic units. Customers not only want enhanced tanning performance, they also are after visual incentives that distinguish their upgraded sessions from the basic program.
Salon owners can choose from a host of high-quality equipment featuring cutting-edge technologies. The secret to overall success is to select the right equipment mix for the salon. While the market for high-quality and sophisticated tanning units continues to grow, the real trend is to offer three to five levels of tanning so customers can choose their tanning lifestyle. For example, a typical 10-bed salon might feature five base units, two premium units, a standup, a high-pressure unit, a sunless stand-up unit and a handheld sunless airbrush or HVLP system.
High-Pressure Tanning
Legend has it that the first two high-pressure systems in the United States were sold in 1975 by Dr. Müller to the Playboy magazine organization. Others claim that the first system was developed by Dr. Maxim Mutzhas and that the first commercial high-pressure tanning system was installed in a tanning salon in New York City in 1976.
There is no way to resolve this debate as to what came first;
however, there is no disagreement that the development of the high-pressure tanning system occurred in Germany.
Because these first systems were so expensive and there was no developed indoor tanning industry (many of the early tanning units were home-made), only a handful of these early high-pressure systems were sold in the 1970s and 1980s in the U.S. market.
High-pressure equipment hit the U.S. shores in the early 1980s; however, its growth was hindered because of the equipment’s high cost and the fact that the American tanning market was still in its infancy. By the 1990s, high pressure began to make a name for itself in the United States, and today it has become a mainstay in a salon’s equipment mix.
High-pressure tanning systems utilize lamps filled with mercury vapors that produce very high UVR intensity levels.
Special filters are used to remove unwanted wavelengths of UVR, primarily UVB and shorter wavelengths of UVA (320 nm- 340 nm), leaving most of the longer wavelengths of UVA (340 nm-400 nm) intact. This allows the high-pressure spectrum to produce a deeper, darker, longer-lasting tan.
Research supports the fact that high-pressure systems do provide a deeper, darker and longer-lasting tan when compared to low-pressure systems. This occurs because longer wavelengths of UVA penetrate deeper into the skin than do shorter wavelengths of UVA and UVB wavelengths and, therefore, are able to oxidize melanin granules farther away from the surface of the skin. These deeper-oxidized granules take longer to reach the surface of the skin and allow for a deeper tan with a longer life.
It must be mentioned that greater care should be exercised when tanning anyone who is most sensitive to UVR (that goes for high-pressure as well as low-pressure tanning). All tanners who frequent a tanning salon will have a pre-established level of sensitivity to UVR. Therefore, if they are overexposed to UVR, whether on a high- or low-pressure system, they will burn.
Manufacturers are taking design and engineering to the next level by offering stylish-looking equipment featuring the latest technological advancements. Keeping luxury in the forefront of the tanning experience, high-pressure units continue to offer comfortable and large tanning surfaces. Some units feature bells and whistles, including mattresses that feature massage options and aromatherapy, to provide tanners with a more enjoyable and relaxing session.
Modern equipment choices feature brightly colored, full-body wraparound canopies, high-powered adjustable cooling fans, easy-to-replace snap-in lamps, digital bed controls positioned at eye level, and voice prompting. High-pressure manufacturers are focusing on lamp placement and output on the UV spectrum rather than bombarding the tanner with increased wattage and heat. In addition to providing great tanning results, it reduces the amount of heat output, which in turn saves the salon in energy costs.
High-pressure equipment is available in traditional beds or standup versions, which offers myriad choices when it comes to planning space. Tanning salon owners are continuing to purchase high-pressure units so as to offer a more diverse mix of tanning options for their customers. A tanner in this type of mix often is encouraged to rotate between the high-pressure and low-pressure units in order to maintain a deeper, darker tan, as well as maintain optimal levels of vitamin D.
Since little or no vitamin D is produced by wavelengths higher than 315 nm, high-pressure alone is not an effective system for producing this important vitamin. This is one reason some salons have clients who alternate between high-pressure and low-pressure systems. Tanning in both systems gives the tanner the best benefits and features of both lamp types.
Industry insiders agree that high-pressure tanning will continue to grow because of its unique features and benefits. Salons that feature a mix of low-, medium- and high-pressure tanning will continue to benefit from customers upgrading for the added value of high-pressure tanning. The key is to properly educate customers on the benefits of high-pressure tanning and how it adds to their overall tanning experience.
Technical Aspects of High-Pressure Tanning
High-pressure tanning systems utilize lamps filled with mercury vapor (under high pressure, hence the name) that can develop very high UVR intensity levels. Special blue glass filters are used to remove unwanted wavelengths of UVR, primarily UVB (280 nm- 320 nm) and UVA2 (320 nm-340 nm), leaving most of the UVA1 (340 nm-400 nm) wavelengths intact.
Keep in mind that UVB at 305 nm has 1,000 to 1,200 times more sunburning power than does UVA1 at 365 nm. This is why high-pressure systems are much less likely to cause a sunburn when compared to tube type tanning systems.
However, that does not mean high-pressure systems cannot cause a sunburn—they can and do if used unwisely. Obviously, great care must be exercised when tanning the most UVR-sensitive individuals with both high-pressure and tube type tanning systems.
It is generally accepted that a high-pressure tanning system can produce a deeper, darker and longer-lasting tan than does a tube type system. This is because the UVA1 wavelengths penetrate more deeply into the skin than do UVB and UVA2 wavelengths and, therefore, are able to oxidize melanin granules farther away from the surface of the skin. Since these oxidized granules will take longer to reach the surface of the skin, the tan produced by a high-pressure system will be deeper, darker and longer-lasting.
Some anti-tanning individuals have stated that the fact that UVA1 wavelengths penetrate more deeply into the skin that there is the potential for collagen damage. First of all, there is no evidence to support this contention and it must be remembered that the wavelengths penetrating the deepest into the skin are the visible (400 nm-700 nm) and the near-infrared (700 nm- 1,000 nm) and the infrared (1,000 nm-4,000 nm). Therefore, if UVA1 wavelengths are harmful, then visible and infrared photons also must be harmful and, once again, there is no credible medical evidence to support his contention.
Moreover, since recent research shows that there is enough UVB present in the typical high-pressure system to stimulate the production of both melanin and vitamin D, this fact will also stimulate the acceptance of high-pressure tanning systems by both tanning salon owners and clients alike.
Tanning Equipment Construction And Maintenance
The tanning equipment on today’s market offer a variety of technologically advanced options to tanners. Not only are they available in a variety of shapes and sizes, they also come in traditional bed or standup configurations. No matter what type of equipment you choose for your salon, an understanding of the basic tanning unit function and makeup is a necessity.
Beds Versus Standups
Deciding whether to outfit your salon with tanning beds or standups can present a dilemma to some salon owners. Do the majority of your customers want to lie down when they tan or would they prefer to stand up? Whether replacing or adding units in an existing salon or outfitting a new facility from scratch, it is important to weigh the benefits of each format and decide which best fits the salon’s goals.
There are a number of advantages to a standup. First, it takes up less space, and with quality retail space renting for up to $60 per square foot and more, that’s no minor consideration. Most freestanding tanning standups take up about 10-15 square feet of floor space, about half the room of a tanning bed. In addition, most manufacturers offer prefabricated dressing cubicles that attach to their standup units, making a completely private tanning area that occupies little more space than the average tanning bed. This is especially beneficial in an area not specifically designed with tanning in mind.
Another highlight of the standup comes from the principle that heat rises. Since the tanning lamps are located around the tanning customer in a stand-up unit and not above as in a bed, cooling of the unit is simplified. An efficient fan in the ceiling and vents at floor level keep the unit cool throughout the tanning session.
In addition to increased customer comfort, the standup also permits the use of more powerful tanning lamps, significantly shortening session time. Most tanning beds use between 30 and 50 100-watt lamps. The majority of the tanning standups on the market are made to use 40 or more 160-watt lamps. The result is an eight- to 15-minute session, compared to an average of 20 minutes for most beds. Obviously, a shorter session time means that more customers can be accommodated in the same time period, at best, more than twice as many. With a standup, salons can schedule about 3.5 sessions per hour. With a bed, about 2.5 customers can be accommodated in the same amount of time.
A seeming drawback to the higher-powered lamps is that their life is rated about 500 hours—half that of most 100-watt tubes. However, a salon can fit in twice as many customers in the 500 hours, making the lamps about equal in sessions per lamp.
Concern was expressed early in the development process that obtaining parts, especially the higher-powered lamps, could limit the growth of standup sales. Thanks to support from lamp manufacturers, that has not proved to be the case. The hygienic factor often is touted as another advantage. During a standing tanning session, a tanner’s body contact with the tanning unit is minimized. This makes cleaning between sessions almost unnecessary and also puts the minds of many customers at ease.
Also, the white spots, known as pressure points, are eliminated by using a stand-up unit. Pressure points occur where relatively small areas of skin support much of the body’s weight. In places where this occurs, such as on the bony edge of the shoulder blade, blood flow in the skin is reduced and the secretion of melanin is inhibited. In a stand-up unit, the tanner has no contact with the acrylic, so there is no problem with pressure points.
The Future
Despite the advantages of stand-up unit, the traditional tanning bed remains the industry standard, mainly because people enjoy unwinding while they tan. Many consider it as much an escape as a cosmetic treatment. Another benefit of beds lies in the initial cost of the unit. A quality tanning bed can be bought new for less than $4,000 and there are a wide variety of units in the $3,000 to $40,000 or higher price range. Standups, on the other hand, start at about $8,000 and prices go up from there, jumping considerably for extra bells and whistles.But looking at it another way, standups can tan customers more quickly, permitting a salon to serve more clients, ideally generating enough extra income to make up for the difference in cost. Some salons choose to reap the benefits of both formats. Increasingly, tanning salons are offering both beds and standups and leaving the choice up to their clients.
Today’s stand-up models feature many of same enhancements as their laydown counterparts, including advanced lamp and filter systems, digital stereo systems, aromatherapy, massage, cooling mist, easy-touch controls, electronic diagnostics to help the salon staff with maintenance issues, advanced body cooling and integrated ventilation systems.
To an inexperienced tanning salon owner, a tanning unit can look intimidating, and when it is dismantled, it gets even more confusing. For this reason, a basic course on tanning unit components is essential for novices and makes a good review for the experienced equipment owner.Acrylic
Have you ever noticed that the very word seems to have a permanent question mark after it? For example, what is acrylic? How do I clean my acrylic? What disinfectant do I use on my acrylic? How do I know when to change my acrylic? The following answers some commonly asked questions about the industry’s most lonely and often forgotten component—the acrylic shield.
What Is Acrylic?
Tanning bed acrylic is a petroleum-based plastic blended specifically so ultraviolet light can be transmitted through the shield. Because this type of acrylic is a poor conductor of heat, it is a comfortable material for the tanner to rest on.
But the real issue here isn’t how acrylic is made or what it’s made of—the real problem seems to be remembering that you have acrylic at all. In fact, many believe that acrylic is probably the most used—and most-often overlooked component of the tanning bed.
Purchasing Acrylics
Salon operators mistakenly assume that all acrylics are the same. They should be looking for the highest-quality shield, which ultimately will be the least expensive in the long run because it will last longer. The average acrylic sheet can cost a few hundred dollars or more, but don’t always shop price because you get what you pay for. And since acrylic is the part of the bed that may be the most physically used, salons should not cut corners.When purchasing acrylics, you should look for a company that offers some type of guarantee. Remember, if a company is not willing to give you a warranty, what does that say about its product?
Cleaning Acrylics
Now that you have the acrylic, you need to keep it clean for a variety of reasons. The acrylic will degrade faster if a salon owner is not cleaning it properly.In addition to disinfecting the acrylics after each and every tanning session with an EPA-registered and state-approved cleaner, the acrylics—top and bottom—should be taken out at least once a month and thoroughly cleaned. The consensus is to clean every nook and cranny, including the bulbs. And everyone agrees on the importance of NOT using products that contain any alcohol or ammonia.
Acrylic that is properly cared for will enhance your ability to tan your customer. Not only should an approved cleaner be used, but salon owners also should use lint-free cotton cloths to prevent scratching as well as help absorb and clean. Scratches on acrylic can be a problem; however, they can be prevented. Customers should be instructed to remove jewelry before they lie down on the bed to avoid acrylic damage. Additionally, remind your customers to use indoor tanning products during their tanning sessions. Remember, once you get that first nick or scratch it will continue to get bigger, just like a crack in a car windshield.
Again, daily cleaning and a thorough once-a-month cleaning with the appropriate cleansers will go a long way in preserving your acrylic shields. However, if your acrylic shield cracks, replace it immediately.
Changing Acrylics
One of the biggest misconceptions about acrylics is that they last forever. There are a number of factors that decide when it is time to replace your shields. Again, the type of lotions and moisturizers your customers use contribute to the life of the acrylic. Even the size and weight of your clients needs to be considered. To help a salon owner determine when to change the acrylics some manufacturers recommend using a UV meter to monitor a bed’s transmittance levels. However, the best advice is to talk to your bed manufacturer or acrylic supplier. Ask them for their recommendation for determining how and when to change acrylic shields.But before you call, have as much information about your tanning bed as you can before you make a phone call. For example, make available the brand name; the make; the model; even the smallest details like where it was made or the color of the handles will help the manufacturer or supplier answer any question you may have—from what is the right shield for my bed to how do I determine when to change my acrylic and every question in between.
Acrylic Guidelines
- DO NOT allow your customers to clean the beds themselves.
- DO disinfect the acrylic shield after each session. This is required by both the EPA and state regulations.
- DO use a disinfectant that is registered with the EPA and the state where the salon is located.
- DO NOT put anything on the acrylic that has an alcohol or ammonia base as it will break down the acrylic.
- DO take the acrylics off the bed and thoroughly clean the shields and the other bed components at least once a month. This will help maintain the longevity of your equipment.
- DO NOT allow your customers to use oils of any kind or lotions that are specifically made for outdoor use because these products will break down the acrylic.
- DO clean the acrylic on the top of the bed on a regular basis because it tends to accumulate more dust buildup than the bottom shield.
- DO use a cotton cloth or towel when cleaning the acrylic. They are less abrasive than paper towels.
- DO polish the acrylic shield regularly to extend the life of the shield.
- DO ask your customers to remove their jewelry while tanning to help keep the shield from being scratched.
Reflectors
There are several types of reflectors on the market, but their functions are universally the same. They are designed to reflect the ultraviolet rays emitted by the sides and back of the lamp, providing a greater intensity exposure with a more even distribution. The reflector also may be designed to aid in channeling airflow within the unit to provide more efficient cooling of lamps.
Reflectors generally are made of highly polished aluminum. There are two basic types: One in which the reflectors for top and bottom are each single sheets; and, the other in which there is a reflector for each lamp in the bed. The single sheet category may be further broken down into those that are flat and those that are ridged. The raised portion of the ridged reflectors come from in between the lamps to reflect more of the ultraviolet coming from the sides of the lamp back to the tanning surface. Computers are increasingly used in reflector design to maximize the intensity of reflected tanning rays.
The most common cases in which there is one reflector for each lamp is in Wolff® System units. The patented Wolff reflectors are shaped like a rounded “W” and come up around each lamp in order to capture as much of the lamp’s output as possible. Rays coming from the back of the lamp tend to be reflected around the lamp and onto the tanning surface.
Cooling Systems
An efficient, balanced cooling system is important to ensure maximum lamp output and longevity. The internal fans drive the cooling system, and lamps that are in too cool of an environment emit tanning rays at a lower level. Those whose surroundings are too hot have a shorter life. Fluorescent powders normally degrade over time, but do so more rapidly at higher temperatures, resulting in reduced lamp life. Therefore, it is important for the cooling system to be kept clean and in peak operating condition.
Frame
The frame of the tanning bed has several basic functions. It supports the weight of the bed and the tanner, determines the size and approximate shape of the unit, and provides points of attachment for the various internal components of the bed.
Power Source
Proper voltage is another important factor in keeping the tanning unit running at peak condition. The voltage going into the unit should be checked periodically. If the voltage is too high, the life of the lamps may be shortened by as much as 30 percent. It does not take much of a surge in power to start this process. If lamps have become blackened on the ends, it is often an indication that the voltage going into the bed is too high. However, check the starters, as they may be providing too great a start-up burst of power. Overly high voltage occurs most often in rural areas. On the other hand, if the power going into the bed is too low, the bed will not be working to its maximum ability.
Timer
The timer is another key component of the tanning unit. Without one, producing consistently good results would be difficult, not to mention that the FDA does not permit the operation of a tanning unit without one. Every tanning bed or standup sold for use in the United States comes with a timer built in, usually with a maximum setting that corresponds to the maximum exposure time for that particular piece of tanning equipment. However, these are only the basic timers that do not offer the salon operator control over what goes on in the tanning room. In fact, these timers limit the maximum time per session, but do nothing to prevent the tanning customer from resetting the timer when the session is over.
Unfortunately, when the customer overexposes himself, thinking that it will improve his tan and ends up with a burn, his only thought is likely to be that he got burned in your salon, not that he did so as a result of his own uninformed actions. Even if the customer doesn’t sunburn from the added exposure, the fact is that he paid for a session of a certain length and received a longer one, at your expense.
Both of these situations point to the need for some form of control over the tanning unit. An external timer can fill this need. It is a component separate from the tanning bed that uses either tokens, available at the front desk, or is actually located at the front desk. It gives the salon employee control over the tanning unit.
Because of all the variables, the owners and operators of tanning salons need to pay close attention in choosing appropriate timers for their tanning units. There are various options available when choosing a timer. However, with today’s computerized society, many of the larger and busier salons have opted for remote-controlled tanning systems or even fully computerized setups. Remote-controlled timers can be wall mounted or sit on a desktop. Some available features are digital readouts, adjustable session times, easy installation and the ability to interface with any tanning unit. The obvious advantage of the remote-controlled timer is the control it gives to the salon operator.
Another other feature offered by many of these systems is a session accumulator. The session accumulator tracks bed usage, telling salon owners how many sessions each tanning unit has delivered in a day. Second, it acts as an inventory check, keeping salon employees from giving away sessions to friends.
Some systems offer a remote start switch that can be operated from the tanning room. The salon operator sets the session time at the front desk and then, when the client is ready to start a session, he can push a button, automatically starting the front desk timer.
Safety concerns are the reason many systems have the ability to shut off a tanning bed from the main unit should an emergency arise. For example, the need to reach a customer, a fire in the salon or some other crisis. There are almost as many theories about how to produce effective timers as there are companies that make them. Therefore, careful consideration should be given before a decision is made.
Lamps
For many users and salon owners, the number of different tanning lamps offered may at times be confusing, unless the person has some special knowledge of the technical details and photobiological effect of the lamps. Before we start trying to classify lamps, let’s examine what is expected of them from the point of view of the tanning equipment. Is its primary purpose to tan the skin and build up protection against the sun, or is it designed to improve health care? It is often the individual’s expectations that determine what is needed in terms of light spectrum emitted by the lamp and equipment.
Low-Pressure Lamps. This lamp, also known as a fluorescent lamp, is a gas-discharge lamp that operates on a principle very different from that of a high-pressure mercury lamp. Its gas pressure is much lower and is not contained in a clear layer—the phosphors—on the inside.
As in other gas-discharge lamps, a discharge takes place when a stream of electrons strikes the molecules of mercury vapor. These become “excited” or acquire an excess of energy that is subsequently emitted as ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 254 nm. This UVC radiation then encounters the phosphor layer on the inside of the glass tube that converts it to radiation of longer wavelengths.
The specific composition of the output is governed by the qualities of the specific phosphors used. There is, as a result, a wide range of possible lamp output. One of these is the UV fluorescent lamp, designed to emit optimum amounts of ultraviolet radiation of the ideal wavelengths. Tanning lamps generate UV light in a similar way as light is produced by standard fluorescent lamps commonly used in general lighting. The major difference between these two lamp types lies in the phosphors used. The fundamental mechanism to produce light radiation is called the photo-luminescence process. The main components responsible for producing UV radiation in a tanning lamp are the electrodes, the gas filling, the phosphor and the trace amount of mercury, which all are sealed inside the lamp.
There are two basic steps from the point of plugging in the lamp to the emission of radiation. First, the electrical energy received by the lamp is transformed into short-wave radiation (UVC) during the discharge process. Second, the phosphors inside the lamp bulb come into play and transform the short-wave radiation into a continuous spectrum of longer wavelength (UVB, UVA, etc., depending on the phosphor).
When the voltage is applied via the electrodes, particles called “electrons” are charged and move in a stream from one electrode to the other through the gas-filled tube. On their way through the tube, these “loaded” particles (the electrons) hit the mercury atoms of the gas inside the lamp and create a higher energy level.
The electrons peak at this higher energy level only for a very short time and then fall back to their original level. During their relapse, the electrons release the stored energy in the form of radiation at a certain wavelength. In the case of mercury vapor, low-pressure discharge is produced at a wavelength of 254 nm.
This UVC radiation hits the phosphor layer on the inside of the glass tube that changes the character of the radiation. The energy is physically transformed from the shorter wavelength into rays of longer wavelengths, including UVB, UVA, visible light and infrared rays, depending on the phosphors used. Although UVC is “produced” inside the tube, no UVC actually is emitted through the tube. Finally, the transformed radiation passes through the glass of the lamp that can act as a filter and cause additional modification of the emission spectrum.
RUVA Lamps. Rather than relying on external reflectors to prevent any light from being lost from the rear of the lamps, these so-called reflector or RUVA lamps each have an internal reflective coating that typically covers a 220-degree area of the inside of the lamp. This focuses all output through the front end of the lamp. While the orientation of their output is different, standard and reflector lamps do not differ in their technical efficiency at producing UV rays. In fact, the same type of phosphor usually is used in both reflector and standard lamps, so the output of both types have similar spectral properties.
Why then introduce reflector lamps to the tanning market? It’s simple—RUVA lamps provide a more intense UV output, thereby reducing the required exposure times.
Each individual lamp, with its built-in reflector, assures that the UV rays developed inside of the lamp reach the skin directly virtually without any loss. Since external reflectors of the type normally mounted in tanning units are then not necessary, reflector tanning beds make it possible for lamps to be mounted closer together. In return, this means more output without needing more space, resulting in a higher intensity of tanning rays. Furthermore, the absence of external reflectors simplifies the handling and cleaning of RUVA tanning beds and saves a great deal of maintenance. With more lamps, however, more heat is produced. For this reason, manufacturers of tanning beds with closely mounted reflector lamps must have an appropriate cooling system in the unit in order to guarantee optimal working conditions. Otherwise, either the output or the useful life of the lamps will be decreased.
The UVB/UVA ratio, often called the UVB percentage, also becomes important when discussing reflector lamps. Remember that the UVB ratio only indicates the levels of UVA and UVB relative to one another and not the absolute output of either.
If an enhancement of the UVA output takes place, the amount of UVB produced increases by the same factor. Compared to tanning units with standard tanning lamps at a given ratio then, RUVA units with reflector lamps of the same UVB ratio will produce higher absolute levels of UVB.
Because skin reddening, or erythema, is produced primarily by exposure to UVB, the erythemal threshold dose could be theoretically reached more quickly with RUVA equipment, so the exposure time must be reduced to compensate. In terms of exposure time then, reflector lamps of a given UVB ratio generally are comparable to standard lamps with a higher UVB percentage.
This is due to the higher overall output of the RUVA lamps, resulting in the same level of UVB, even though the percentage is less. Today’s lamp manufacturers produce such a wide variety of products that to classify them would be difficult. Some general guidelines regarding the output of reflector lamps would be useful.
Early reflector lamps emitted a narrow spectrum, primarily concentrated in the UVA range, hence the “UVA” in RUVA. While the high UVA output darkened existing pigment grains in the skin, the extremely low UVB produced did little to stimulate the production of additional melanin. For example, a RUVA lamp with a UVB percentage of 0.1 percent does not emit enough UVB to stimulate melanin production. For the level of UVB to be high enough at this ratio, prohibitively high levels of UVA would be produced.
Recently, RUVA lamps emitting more UVB have been introduced.
A UVB percentage of about 0.7 percent can result in acceptable immediate tanning, but also gently induces pigment formation, making this reflector lamp suitable for tanning light, sensitive skin. A slightly higher UVB/UVA ratio, in the neighborhood of 1.3 percent, for example, is a fairly standard RUVA lamp and works well for normal skin that tans readily without burning.
Reflector lamps also are available with still higher UVB ratios.
A ratio of 2 percent at emission levels present in RUVA lamps will be very effective in tanning, but is not recommended for use on sensitive skin. This short summary shows that the range offered on reflector lamps corresponds to that of standard tanning lamps.
The decision to use standard vs. reflector lamps really depends upon the type of tanning unit used, the exposure times wanted and personal preference. However, equipment must be specifically designed to use reflector lamps and they should not be installed in a unit that is not so made, nor should standard lamps be used in a unit made for RUVA lamps.
VHO Lamps. Besides standard, professional and reflector lamps, there also are VHO or “Very High Output” lamps for tanning. Standard and professional lamps differ from one another mainly by spectrum-in general, professional lamps show a higher UVB percentage—and reflector lamps, which have a reflector built into the lamp itself, enable the rays to be focused and therefore more intense.
VHO lamps feature a significantly higher power consumption generally between 140 watts to 160 watts for the same size lamp.
These lamps have two distinct quality features that clearly standout.
First, electrically the VHO has an actual power consumption of 160 watt for the 6-foot lamp and 140 watts for the 5-foot lamp. Second, the VHO has an additional physical feature built inside the lamp: longer electrodes with a cooling zone at each lamp end. These cooling zones permit the VHO lamps their exceptional qualities. Be aware that VHO lamps do not produce any output within the range of the cooling zones, therefore the ends of the lamps seem dark. However, these dark zones have nothing in common with the blackening of the ends (electrode area) which may occur in conventional fluorescent lamps after several operating hours. The dark zones of the VHO lamp, rather, guarantee the proper operation of the lamp. Proper cooling is of utmost importance with VHO lamps. Compared to conventional tanning lamps, there is a 60 percent higher thermal strain along the glass because of the increased power consumption. Without a sufficiently dimensioned cooling zone, the VHO lamp would become too hot during operation, resulting in a reduction in the electrical discharge that is responsible for generating the output. Therefore, the cooling zone ensures the optimum electrical discharge.
New VHO lamps, especially after shipment, are not ready for use immediately after installation. A burn-in phase is needed for the lamp to reach its thermal balance. This is when the gases within the lamp have dispersed entirely throughout, thereby creating an even output along the whole length of the lamp. If the VHO lamp were operated in a unit without any cooling, a thermal balance would be reached after 15 to 30 minutes; however, a burnin phase of two to three hours is quite usual for operation in a normally functioning unit.
It is important that the ends of VHO lamps are cooled properly.
In order to maximize the output of the lamps, the cooling air stream should be led over the lamp in a way that the cooling zones receive optimal cooling.
High-Pressure Lamps. The high-pressure lamp is filled with mercury vapor and emits a spectrum that can be made ideal for tanning purposes. Compared to low-pressure lamps, high levels of radiation in the UVA range are produced, resulting in a strong immediate tanning effect.
Apart from the UVA, other rays also are found in the emitted radiation, mainly UVC, UVB, visible light and infrared radiation.
The undesirable radiation, however, is removed by the use of filters. The appropriate filter should be fitted by the manufacturer of the tanning apparatus. Extreme accuracy is practiced in the production of these lamps.
Very high radiation intensities can be achieved using highpressure mercury lamps. The high-pressure lamp is particularly suitable for use in combination with reflectors, where the lamp can be efficiently employed for radiating both large and small areas. The development of high-pressure tanning in the late ‘70s was partly a response to the customer’s desire for a fast, efficient method of tanning indoors. Although quite popular in Europe for several years, recently high-pressure tanning has come into its own in the U.S. market. Although more expensive than many low-pressure units, manufacturers and distributors are educating salon owners about the advantages and profitability of such systems as a viable tanning option.
Using UVA certainly can stimulate melanin and produce a cosmetic tan. However, UVA sometimes has been mistakenly labeled as the “safe UVA ray.” the use of high-pressure (or any type of indoor tanning equipment) should not be advertised as a safe or safer alternative. The FDA guidelines on indoor tanning forbids such claims.
Compared to low-pressure lamps, the application of highpressure lamps requires a higher standard of care. This is largely caused by two factors: (1) High-pressure lamps emit a broad spectrum of radiation which covers a wavelength range starting with the short-wave UV range (generally even below 250 nm) up to the Infrared Light Range. (2) In addition, these rays are produced in high intensities, depending on the power output. It is, therefore, subject to FDA regulations that govern the application and the trade of high-pressure tanning lamps. This is in contrast to Europe, where such lamps may be sold and installed with few restrictions. This is particularly true for regulations regarding the replacement of such lamps. According to regulations, highpressure lamps only may be replaced by the user if the lamps show a UVC-UVB ratio of more than three.
Please refer to Chapter 4 for more detailed information about lamp technology, replacement schedules and compatibility issues.
Lamp Connections
Lampholders support fluorescent lamps and provide electrical connection. There are numerous types of fluorescent lampholders available for the different types of lamp bases. The most frequently used connector for preheat and rapid start bi-pin lamps is the twist-turn type. Spring pressure push-pull lampholders also are used for bi-pin base lamps. For single lamp ballasts and dimming ballasts, special circuit-interrupting bi-pin lampholders are available. In the case of some single pin lamps, support comes in the form of a high-voltage lampholder with a low-voltage circuit interrupting feature. This type of connector prevents voltage from being applied to the pins of the lamp until it is secured firmly in both lamp holders, reducing the possibility of shock when installing the lamps.
Ballasts And Starters
The job of the ballast is to regulate the flow of electricity into the lamp. They are rated according to the wattage of the lamp for which they are designed; that is to say, a 100-watt lamp requires a 100-watt ballast. Traditionally, ballasts are either electronic or magnetic. The electronic ballasts have the advantage of being lighter than their magnetic counterparts. Magnetic ballasts, while heavier, are more resistant to heat and have fewer parts to fail.
Because of their weight, the placement of ballasts in the top portion of a bed is sometimes used for balance, making the top easier to open and close. If a ballast needs to be replaced, the new one should be attached in the same place as the old, to avoid altering the balance of the canopy. Separate starters most often are found in beds of European origin. Starters are the spark plugs of tanning beds. When current is applied to the lamp circuit, the starter sends a high-voltage pulse through the electrodes, warming up the lamp and initiating the arc between the electrodes. If starter output is inconsistent or incorrect, you may notice blackening of the lamp ends.
Maintenance Issues
Today’s equipment choices blend unmatched technology with inspiring elegance to create the ultimate tanning experience. Selecting the right mix of tanning equipment is one of the most important, and most expensive, decisions a salon owner can make. For this reason, it is imperative to keep equipment operating at optimal performance.
Tanning equipment maintenance starts with organization. The most important part of a tanning salon is the equipment, and that is the main reason why clients are loyal to a particular salon. However, any tanning unit that runs continuously day in and day out is bound to malfunction. How well a salon owner is prepared to handle the situation can and will make the difference in keeping clients satisfied and the salon’s reputation intact. A firm understanding about the specific equipment and its components will reduce downtime if a unit fails.
A tanning unit that needs repair or is not functioning is a direct loss of revenue for the salon. In fact, a salon that continues to operate with malfunctioning equipment ultimately will have to reschedule appointments, turn away clients or take a client out of a unit after a session has begun. This causes a domino effect, and customers will lose confidence in the salon and take their business elsewhere.
One of the best ways to monitor equipment performance is to query tanning clients after their sessions. Customers are paying for a service and they certainly will speak up if lamps were not functioning or they heard strange noises coming from the unit. Be sure to investigate every lead and remedy the problem before revenue is lost.
Know Your Equipment
Salon owners should keep precise records of the type or types of tanning equipment in their salons. Additionally, these records should be accessible to all employees so they can become familiar with the equipment and their specific functions. It also is an excellent idea to keep a detailed maintenance log on each and every piece of equipment. Everything from lamp changes to part replacements should be noted in the log as well as copies of receipts for parts, and phone numbers and contact names of suppliers.
Maintenance begins the day equipment is purchased. If the units are being installed by a factory technician, take advantage of this opportunity to learn from the experts. If a salon owner chooses to install the equipment themselves, it is wise to study the owner’s manual to become familiar with all of the unit’s functions. This will allow a salon owner to describe equipment detail to clients as well as spot when a unit is not operating properly.
Once the tanning unit is in place, the salon owner is responsible for knowing as much as possible about the equipment. Salon owners use the equipment on a daily basis; therefore, they should be the most familiar with the functions. It is imperative that the front-desk personnel be as educated as the salon owner since they will need to contact the supplier or technician if a problem arises in the salon owner’s absence.
Take the time to learn the maintenance basics such as removing the acrylics and replacing lamps and lamp holders. The more a salon owner can learn to do, the faster a repair can be made. Be sure to call the service technician if there is some uncertainty about how to make a repair because a mistake can create a bigger and more expensive problem.
Get to know the suppliers and technicians, and remember that no question is a dumb question. When trying to describe a problem, be as specific as possible. Know how long a particular problem has been occurring and any other specifics. Keep a detailed record of when the problem occurs.
When discussing the problem with a technician, don’t use words like “whatchamacallit” or “thingamajig.” These terms can be difficult to identify, especially when talking over the phone. If necessary, use the owner’s manual or a copy of the brochure to determine the exact part being described. If a part has been ordered previously, refer to the invoice for the part number.
Find out all of the costs involved in repairing the machine and make sure the supplier has the correct shipping address. Always have the part shipped to the salon owner’s attention so it does not get misplaced. By speaking clearly and to the point, a salon owner will ensure receiving the part in the quickest manner. If possible, have a backup supplier available in case the regular supplier is out of stock. Remember, downtime means loss of revenue.
Inventory
It is impossible to know which part will fail, but a salon can take a proactive approach to the problem by stocking small components known to fail every now and then. This allows a salon owner or employee to replace the part immediately with very little downtime and saves money on overnight shipping charges for the part. For example, a lamp holder only costs about $5, but because the unit is a favorite among customers the salon can’t afford to shut it down for two days. The express shipping costs $20 to get the part overnight, and that added expense comes right off the top of profits.
Since tanning is a seasonal business for most salons, take some time to make a list of parts to keep in stock during that busy time. Remember that during the busy season, some suppliers can run low on high-demand parts. In fact, with certain equipment it may be weeks before parts can be delivered if the supplier is out of stock. That puts you at a disadvantage and leaves your competition smiling while gaining your customers.
Clean Equipment
Cleanliness is a major part of a salon’s image, and cleaning the tanning unit is just as important as making sure the machine is mechanically sound. A clean machine also gives your clients a sense of security and comfort. Cleaning your machines also will help keep them running better and longer. Dust can be a major contributor to certain component failures. If there is consistent dust buildup on the fan blades or in the relay system, it is possible that it will reduce the life of these components considerably. Dust on the lamps or on the reflectors will reduce the lamp output and result in clients becoming dissatisfied with their tanning results.
Acrylics should be removed periodically and cleaned on the top and bottom because dust can collect on the surfaces of the acrylic. Whenever you are using a cleaning product on a machine or the acrylic surface, call and speak to the bed manufacturer or the supplier to make sure the product will not damage the unit or the acrylic. The more the unit is kept clean, the better opportunity there is to locate a potential problem that otherwise might go unnoticed.
In general, tanning bed maintenance is a very important responsibility of the salon owner and his or her staff. The benefits from proper bed maintenance can greatly improve a salon’s performance and overall reputation. Regular maintenance will increase the overall life of your equipment as well as increase the return on your investment from your equipment. The most important thing to remember is to ask questions if you are not familiar with something. Although there are many points about machine maintenance that could have been elaborated on in more detail, if a salon owner follows these tips along with some common sense, operating through a busy season and solving problems quickly can be accomplished easily.
Maintenance Intervals
Maintenance basics include:
1.) Check the warranty. Some companies will void a warranty if you remove anything but the acrylic shield, starter or lamps.
2.) You can and will lose up to 20 percent of your tanning power through dust buildup alone. Most units have an air-cooling system for the lamps, which becomes a giant vacuum cleaner for room dirt. Dust buildup on the lamps and the bed components can have a significant effect on the units overall output and the lamps’ intensity.
3.) Hair clogged in the vents and fans will make your tanning bed overheat, causing it to work twice as hard. Thus, the possibility of burning out your fans, motor or lamp sockets is great, leaving you with a bed that cannot be used until repaired. You easily can avoid this by following a regular cleaning schedule.
4.) One of the most important and overlooked components of a tanning bed is the acrylic shield. The factors that determine how often an acrylic shield must be replaced depend on how well it is manufactured and fabricated and the kind of wear and tear the bed undergoes from customers. The most common cause of acrylic breakdown is using the wrong disinfectants and cleaners on the beds and allowing customers to use outdoor lotions and oils during their tanning session. Use only those products that specifically state they are safe for indoor tanning; if you don’t, you may have to replace your shields more often than you like.
5.) Check the voltage going to the tanning bed checked periodically.
Salon Cleanliness
Imagine, if you can, seeing your salon for just one day through the eyes of your customers. Learning to use customer eyes is an idea that many successful tanning salon owners have accomplished in maintaining a professional looking facility.
Year after year, surveys reveal that cleanliness is one of the most important factors influencing customers when deciding where to spend their hard-earned tanning dollars. From the moment a customer enters a tanning salon, impressions begin to form. Whether to appeal to a first-time tanner or a client that has been with you for years, your salon must be clean.
With more tanning salons opening every day, your customers will have more choices about where to shop. Customers are the first to see old smudges, smears and dust that seem to become invisible to employees over time. In addition to the thorough tanning unit sanitation after each use, the following are some things to look for with those newly acquired fresh eyes.
Floors
The floor is the first thing a customer sees when they enter a salon, and it continues to be scrutinized throughout the tanning session. Clean floors can be achieved by attentive staff that pays close attention to details while carrying out their cleaning duties.Edge cleaning is usually the biggest challenge. That’s the spot where the shelving and walls meet the floors and sweeping and mopping seem to push the dirt into that space. Staff should be especially trained to keep those edges clean. Your floors literally can reflect who you are as a tanning facility.
Displays
Your shelves, cases and doors require constant attention. Most salons still are in search of the perfect feather duster that can clean without knocking the tanning lotions over. The most effective cleaning program has staff working with a rolling cart; they remove lotion bottles in small sections, clean the shelves and re-stock the product.Bathrooms
There is no other area that reflects your cleanliness commitment more than your bathrooms. Try and keep these areas free of brooms, mops and buckets, employee coats, and cleaning supplies. Keep them spotless and well stocked with paper supplies and soaps. Framed pictures or posters (not ripped, worn ones taped on the wall) can add a nice touch.Back Rooms
“It’s the back of the salon so customers don’t even see it,” is what many salon staff may think about the receiving or employee area of the store. The standards that you set in your employees-only areas are indicative of how clean the entire store is. If an owner makes a cleanliness commitment in the back, then employees will be more focused on keeping the customer areas clean. Strive to keep employee break areas clean and clutter free—including the refrigerators, counters and microwaves.
Closing Checklists
Cleanliness accountability is one key to ensure your salon stays clean. The closing staff should have a checklist for each area of the salon that should be checked each night before the employees leave. The closing staff should review the list together, sign off and leave it for the owner or opening staff.
In larger salons, it may take five minutes or more to check each area on the list. However, the results are well worth the investment of time and money. Staff will work hard as the day comes to a close to clean properly so the check goes smoothly and everyone can go home.
Be sure that when a section of the salon is checked on the list to allow enough time to correct anything that was not done properly. Remember, at the end of a busy day, fatigue takes over and employees can forget certain cleaning procedures. As a reminder, a checklist displayed in a prominent area can help reduce errors and make it easier to maintain store cleanliness.
Check The Competition
Finally, spend some time in your competitors’ salons. Look for areas that stand out as both clean and dirty. Then go back to your salon and check how the same areas compare.
